POLICE ACT, 1861
The following words and expressions in this Act shall have the meaning assigned to them, unless there be something in the subject or context repugnant to such construction, that is to say-
{Cf. also Section 3 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898).} "the words" Magistrate of the district shall mean the chief officer charged with the executive administration of a district and exercising the powers of a Magistrate, by whatever designation the chief officer charged with such executive administration is styled:
the word " Magistrate " shall include all persons within the general police-district, exercising all or any of the power of a Magistrate:
the word "police " shall include all persons who shall been rolled under this Act:
the
The entire police-establishment under a State Government shall for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be one {See note to section 8, infra, as to enrolment of the police force in certain places.} police force, and shall be formally enrolled; and shall consist of such number of officers and men, and shall be constituted in such manner, {The words " and the members of such force shall receive such pay " omitted by the A.O.1937.} as shall from time to time be ordered by the State Government {The words "subject in the case of officers of the Indian Police of and above the rank of Assistant Superintendent to the control of the Governor - General of India in Council " as amended by Act 38 of 1920, s.2 and Sch.I, omitted, ibid.}
{Inserted, ibid.} [Subject to the provisions of this Act the pay and all other conditions of service of members of the subordinate ranks of any police force s
The superintendence of the police throughout a general police- district shall vest in and {The words "subject in the case of officers of the Indian Police of and above the rank of Assistant Superintendent to the control of the Governor - General of India in Council " as amended by Act 38 of 1920, section 2 and Schedule I, omitted, ibid.} shall be exercised by the State Government to which such district is subordinate; and except as authorized under the provisions of this Act, no person, officer, or Court shall be empowered by the State Government to {The word " appoint " omitted, ibid.} supersede, or control any police functionary.
{In the town and suburbs of Calcutta, the administration of the Police vests in the "Commissioner of Police,', see section 3 of the Calcutta Police Act, 1866 (Ben.4 of 1866)} The administration of the police throughout a general police- district shall be vested in an officer to be styled the Inspector-General of Police, and in such Deputy Inspectors-General and Assistant Inspectors-General as to the State Government shall seem fit.
The administration of the police throughout the local jurisdiction of the Magistrate of the district shall, under the general control and direction of such Magistrate, be vested in a District Superintendent and such Assistant District Superintendents as the State Government shall consider necessary.
{The last sentence "The Inspector-General and other officers above mentioned shall from time to time be appointe
The Inspector-General of Police shall have the full powers of a Magistrate throughout the general police-district; but shall exercise those powers subject to such limitation as may from time to time be imposed by the State Government
[Magisterial powers of police officers] Repealed by the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882 (Act 10 of 1882), section 2 and Schedule I(b)
{Substitute by the A.O.1937, for " The appointment of all police-officers other than those mentioned in section 4 of this Act shall, under such rules as the L.G. shall from time to time sanction, rest with the Inspector-General, Deputy Inspectors-General, Assistant Inspectors-General and District Superintendents of Police, who may, under such rules as aforesaid, at any time dismiss, suspend, or reduce any police-officer "}[{Substitute by the A.O.1950 (as amended by C.O.29), for " Subject to such rules"} [Subject to the provisions of article 311 of the Constitution, and to such rules] as the State Government may from time to time make under this Act, the Inspector-General, Deputy Inspectors-General, Assistant Inspector-General and District Superintendents of Police may at any time dismiss, suspend or reduce any police-officer of the subordinate ranks] whom they shall think remiss or negligent in the discharge of his duty, or u
{As to enrolment, maintenance and discipline of-
(1) the Military Police-force employed in-
(a) the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, see the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Military Police (Disbandment) Regulation, 1946 (3 of 1946);
(b) Assam, see the Assam Rifles Act, 1941 (5 of 1941);
(c) Bengal, see the Eastern Frontier Rifles (Bengal Battalion) Act, 1920(Ben.2 of 1920);
(2) the Punjab Frontier Police-officers, see the Punjab Frontier Police-officers Regulation, 1893 (7 of 1893);
(3) the Calcutta and Suburban Police, see the Calcutta Police Act, 1866 (Ben.4 of 1866) and the Calcutta Suburban Police Act, 1866 (Ben.2 of 1866)
&nb
No police-officershall be at liberty to withdraw himself from the duties of his office unlessexpressly allowed to do so by the District Superintendent or by some otherofficer authorized to grant or such permission, or, without the leave of theDistrict Superintendent, to resign his office unless he shall have given to hissuperior officer notice in writing, for a period of not less than two months, ofhis intention to resign.
No police-officer shall engage in any employment or office whatever other than his duties under this Act, unless expressly permitted to do so in writing by the Inspector-General.
[Police superannuation fund] Repealed by the Repealing Act, 1874 (16 of 1874) sectioon1 and Schedule, Pt.I.
The Inspector-General of Police may, from time to time subject to the approval of the State Government, frame such order and rules as he shall deem expedient relative to the organization classification and distribution of the police-force, the places at which the members of the force shall reside, and the particular services to be performed by them; their inspection, the description of arms accoutrements and other necessaries to be furnished to them; the collecting and communicating by them of intelligence and information; and all such other orders and rules relative to the police-force as the Inspector-General shall, from time to time, deem expedient of preventing abuse or neglect of duty, and for rendering such force efficient in the discharge of its duties.
It shall be lawful for the Inspector-General of Police, or an Deputy Inspector-General, or Assistant Inspector-General, or for the District Superintendent, subject to the general direction of the Magistrate of the district, on the application of any person showing the necessity thereof, to depute any additional number of police-officer to keep the peace at any place within the general police-district, and for such time as shall be deemed proper Such force shall be exclusively under the orders of the District Superintendent, and shall be at the charge of the person making the application:
Provided that it shall be lawful for the person on whose application such deputation shall have been made, on giving one month's notice in writing to the Inspector-General, Deputy Inspector-General, or Assistant Inspector-General, or to the District Superintendent, to; require that the police-offic
Whenever any railway, canal or other public work, or any manufactory or commercial concern shall be carried on, or be in operation in any part of the country, and it shall appear to the Inspector-General that the employment of an additional police-force in such place is rendered necessary by the behaviour or reasonable apprehension of the behaviour of the persons employed upon such work, manufactory or concern, it shall be lawful for the
Inspector-General with the consent of the State Government, to depute such additional force to such place, and to employ the same so long as such necessity shall continue, and to make orders, from time to time, upon the person having the control or custody of the funds used in carrying on such work, manufactory or concern, for the payment of the extra force so rendered necessary, and such person shall thereupon cause payment to be made accordingly.
(1)It shall be lawful for the State Government, by proclamation to be notified in the Official Gazette, and in such other manner as the State Government shall direct, to declare that any area subject to its authority has been found to be in a disturbed or dangerous state, or that, from the conduct of the inhabitants of such area or of any class or section of them, it is expedient to increase the number of police.
(2) It shall thereupon be lawful for the Inspector-General of Police, or other officer authorized by the State Government in this behalf, with the sanction of the State Government, to employ any police-force in addition to the ordinary fixed complement to be quartered in the area specified in such proclamation as aforesaid.
(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (5) of this section, the cost of such additional police-force
(1) If, in any area in regard to which any proclamations notified under the last preceding section is in force, death or grievous hurt or loss of, or damage to, property has been caused by or has ensued from the misconduct of the inhabitants of such area or any class or section of them it shall be lawful for any person being a inhabitant of such area, who claims to have suffered injury from such misconduct to make, within one month from the date of the injury or such shorter period as may be prescribed, an application for compensation to the Magistrate of the district or of the sub-division of district within which such area is situated.
(2) It shall thereupon be lawful for the Magistrate of the district with the sanction of the State Government after such enquiry as he may deem necessary, and whether any additional police-force has or has not been quartered in such area under the
(1) All moneys payable under sections 13, 14, 15 and 15A shall be recoverable by the Magistrate of the district in the manner provided by sections 386 and 387 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882 { See now the same sections of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898) }, (10 of 1882) for the recovery of fines, or by suit in any competent Court.
{Sub-section (2) omitted by the A.O.1937.See however, pare.4 of the India and Burma (Transitory Provisions) Order, 1937 }
(3) All moneys paid or recovered under section 15A shall be paid by the Magistrate of the district to the persons to whom and in the proportions in which the same are payable under that section.]
When it shall appear that any unlawful assembly, or riot or disturbance of the peace has taken place, or may be reasonably apprehended, and that the police-force ordinarily employed for preserving the peace is not sufficient for its preservation and for the protection of the inhabitants and the security of property in the place where such unlawful assembly or riot or disturbance of the peace has occurred, or is apprehended, it shall be lawful for any police-officer not below the rank of Inspector to apply to the nearest Magistrate to appoint so many of the residents of the neighbourhood as such police officers may require to act as special police-officers for such time and within such limits as he shall deem necessary; and the Magistrate to whom such application is made shall, unless he see cause to the contrary, comply with the application.
Section 17 of the Police Act, 1861, provides the statutory basis for appointing Special Police Officers (SPOs) during times of disturbance or threat to public order. Historically, this provision has been invoked during extraordinary circumstances such as riots, large-scale disturbances, or threats to peace, enabling local authorities to supplement regular police forces with residents of the locality.
Section 17 authorizes police officers not below the rank of Inspector to apply to a Magistrate for the appointment of residents of the neighborhood as Special Police Officers when there is an unlawful assembly, riot, or disturbance of the peace, or when such disturbance is reasonably apprehended. The Magistrate, upon such application, may appoint residents as SPOs for a limited period and within specified limits. These SPOs possess the same powers, privileges, and responsibilities as regular police officers but are appointed on an honorary basis.
Section 17 is primarily an emergency provision aimed at rapid augmentation of police capacity during crises. It is invoked in situations where immediate action is necessary to prevent or quell disturbances. The scope extends to appointing residents as SPOs for short durations, typically during specific events like festivals, floods, or riots. The section emphasizes the temporary and need-based nature of such appointments, not intended for long-term regularization.
While Section 17 itself does not specify penalties, violations such as appointing unsuitable persons, appointing criminals, or acting mala fide can lead to legal challenges, departmental penalties, or criminal proceedings under other provisions of law. For instance, appointing a notorious criminal as SPO could be challenged as arbitrary or illegal, and the appointee could be liable for misconduct or abuse of power.
In summary, Section 17 of the Police Act, 1861, is a vital emergency provision enabling rapid deployment of local residents as Special Police Officers during disturbances. Its proper application requires adherence to statutory conditions, good faith, and suitability of appointees. Judicial scrutiny ensures that the provision is not misused for extraneous or illegal purposes, maintaining a balance between emergency powers and constitutional protections.
Note: All references are based on the provided sources and judicial precedents discussed therein.
Every special police-officer so appointed shall have the same powers, privileges and protection, and shall be liable to perform the same duties and shall be amenable to the same penalties, and be subordinate to the same authorities, as the ordinary officers of police.
If any person being appointed a special police-officer as aforesaid shall without sufficient excuse, neglect or refuse to serve as such, or to obey such lawful order or direction as may be given to him for the performance of his duties, he shall be liable, upon conviction off before a Magistrate, to a fine not exceeding fifty rupees for every such neglect, refusal or disobedience.
{For some cases in which the application of s.20 has been restricted, see the Assam Police-officers Regulation, 1883 (2 of 1883), and s.2 of the Punjab frontier Police-officers Regulation, 1893 (7 of 1893) }
Police-officers enrolled under this Act shall not exercise any authority except the authority provided for a police-officer under this, Act and any Act which shall hereafter be passed for regulating criminal procedure.
Nothing in this Act shall affect any hereditary or other village police-officer, unless such officer shall be enrolled as a police-officer under this Act When so enrolled, such officer shall be bound by the provisions of the last preceding section. No hereditary or other village police-officer shall be enrolled without his consent and the consent of those who have the right of nomination.
Police chaukidars in the Presidency of Fort William.-
If any police-officer appointed under Act { The Bengal Chaukidari Act, 1856 } XX of 1856 (to make better provision for the appointment and maintenance of Police-chaukidars in Cities, Towns, Stations, Suburbs and Bazars in the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal) is employed out of the district for which he shall have been appointed under that Act, he shall not be paid out of the rates levied under t
Every police-officer shall, for all purposes in this Act contained, be considered to be always on duty, and may at any tine be employed as a police-officer in any part of the general police-district.
It shall be the duty of every police-officer promptly to obey and execute all orders and warrants lawfully issued to him by any competent authority; to collect and communicate intelligence affecting the public peace; to prevent the commission of offences and public nuisances; to detect and bring offenders to justice and to apprehend all persons whom he is legally authorized to apprehend, and for whose apprehension sufficient ground exists; and it shall be lawful for every police-officer, for any of the purposes mentioned in this section; without a warrant, to enter and inspect any drinking-shop, gaming-house or other place of resort of loose and disorderly characters.
It shall be lawful for any police-officer to lay any information) before a Magistrate, and to apply for a summons, warrant, search warrant or such other legal process as may by law issue against any person committing an offence {The words " and to prosecute such person up to final judgment " repealed by Act 10 of 1882, section 2 and Schedule I(b)}.
It shall be the duty of every police-officer to take charge of all unclaimed property, and to furnish an inventory thereof to the Magistrate of the district.
The police officers shall be guided as to the disposal of such property by such orders as they shall receive from the Magistrate of the and district.
(1) The Magistrate of the district may detain the property and issue a proclamation, specifying the articles of which it consists, and requiring any person who has any claim thereto to appear and establish his right to the same within six months from the date of such proclamation.
{Inserted by Act 8 of 1895, section 7 } [(2) The provisions of section 525 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882 { See now the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898), section 525 }, (10 of 1882)shall be applicable to property referred to in this section.]
{Substituted by Act 8 of 1895, s.8, for the original section} {Substituted by Act 8 of 1895, section 8, for the original section}
(1) If no person shall within the period allowed claim such property, or the proceeds thereof, if sold, it may, if not already sold under sub-section (2) of the last preceding section, be sold under the ant orders of the Magistrate of the district.
(2) The sale-proceeds of property sold under the preceding subsection and the proceeds of property sold under section to which no claim has been established shall be {Substituted by the A.O.1937, for " at the disposal of Govt."} [at the disposal of the State Government].
Every person, having ceased to be an enrolled police-officer under this Act, who shall not forthwith deliver up his certificate, and the clothing, accoutrements, appointments and other necessaries which shall have been supplied to him for the execution of his duty, shall be liable, on conviction before a Magistrate, to a penalty not exceed-being two hundred rupees, or to imprisonment with or without hard labour, for a period not exceeding six months, or to both.
Every police-officer who shall be guilty of any violation of duty or willful breach or neglect of any rule or regulation or lawful order made by competent authority, or who shall withdraw from the of duties of his office without permission, or without having given previous notice for the period of two months,1or who, being absent on leave, shall fail, without reasonable cause, to report himself for duty on the expiration of such leave,].{Inserted by Act 8 of 1895, ssection 9 }or who shall engage without authority in any employment other than his police-duty, or who shall be guilty of cowardice' or who shall offer any unwarrantable personal violence to any person in his custody, shall be liable on conviction before Magistrate, to a penalty not exceeding three months' pay, or to imprisonment with or without hard labour, for a period not exceed) three months, or to both.
_____________
(1) The District Superintendent or Assistant District Superintendent of Police may, as occasion requires, direct the conduct of a assemblies and processions on the public roads, or in the public street or thoroughfares, and prescribe the routes by which, and the times which, such processions may pass.
(2) He may also, on being satisfied that it is intended by a persons or class of persons to convene or collect an assembly in a such road, street or thoroughfare, or to form a procession which would in the judgment of the Magistrate of the district, or of the sub-division of a district, if uncontrolled, be likely to cause a breach of the peace require by general or special notice that the persons convening collecting such assembly or directing or promoting such process) shall apply for a license.
(3) On such application being made, he may i
(1)Any Magistrate or District Superintendent of Police or Assistant District Superintendent of Police or Inspector of Police or any police-officer in charge of a station may stop any procession which violates the conditions of a license granted under the last for going section, and may order it or any assembly which violates an such conditions as aforesaid to disperse.
(2) Any procession or assembly which neglects or refuses to be any order given under the last preceding sub-section shall be deemed to be an unlawful assembly.]
It shall be the duty of the police to keep order on the public roads, and in the public streets, thoroughfares ghats and landing places, and at all other places of public resort, and to prevent obstructions on the occasions of assemblies and processions on the public roads and in the public streets, or in the neighbourhood of places of worship, during the time of public worship, and in any case when any road, street, thoroughfare, ghat or landing-place may be thronged or may be liable to be obstructed.
Every person opposing or not obeying the orders issued under the last {Substituted by Act; 3 of 1395, section 12, for " two "} [three] preceding sections, or violating the conditions of any license granted by the District Superintendent or Assistant District uncle superintendent of Police for the use of music or for the conduct of three assemblies and processions, shall be liable, on conviction before a Magistrate, to a fine not exceeding two hundred rupees.
Nothing in the last {Substitued by section 12, ibid., for " three "} [four] preceding sections shall be deemed to interfere with the general control of the Magistrate of the district over the matters referred to therein.
Any person who, on any road or in any {Ins. by s.13, ibid.} [open place or] street or thoroughfare within the limits of any town to which this section to shall be specially extended by the State Government, commits any road of the following offences, to the obstruction, inconvenience, annoyance, risk, danger or damage of the { Subs by s.13, ibid., for " residents and passengers "} [residents or passengers] shall, on conviction before a Magistrate, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty rupees, or to imprisonment [with or without hard labour] { Ins. by Act 1 of 1903? s.3 and Sch.II } not exceeding eight days; and it shall be lawful for any police-officer to take into custody, without a warrant, any person who within his view commits any of such offences, namely :-- (Powers of police-officers.)
Slaughtering cattle ,furious riding, etc.- First.-Any person who slaughters any cattle or
{The words " In all cases of convictions under this Act the Officer trying the case shall be limited to his ordinary jurisdiction as to the amount of fine imprisonment which he may inflict: provided that " repealed by Act 10 of 1882, section 2 and Schedule I(b).} Any charge against a police-officer above the runoff a constable under this Act shall be ensured into and determined only by an officer exercising the powers of a { I.e., by a Magistrate of the first class. See Section of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (5 of 1898)} Magistrate.
Nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to prevent any person from being prosecuted under any other Regulation or Act for any offence made punishable by this Act, or from being liable under any other Regulation or Act or any other or higher penalty of punishment than is provided for such offence by this Act:
Proviso.-Provided that no person shall be punished twice for the same offence.
{Substituted by Act 8 of 1895, section 14, for the original sections.37 to 40 }
The provisions of sections 64 to 70, both inclusive, of the Indian Penal Code, (45 of 1860) and of sections 386 to 389, both inclusive, of the Code of Criminal Procedure, {See now the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898)}, (10 of 1882.) with respect to fines, shall appeal to penalties and fines imposed under this Act on conviction for Magistrate:
Provided that, notwithstanding anything contained in section 6 of the first-mentioned Code, any person sentenced to fine under section 34 of this Act may be imprisoned in default of payment of such fin for any period not exceeding eight days.
Procedure until return is made to warrant of distress] Repealed; by the Police Act (1861) Amendment Act, 1895 (8 of 1895), section 14.
Rep.by Police Act (1861) Amendment Act , 1895 ( 8 of 1895 ), s.14.
[Levy of fines from European British subjects] Repealed, ibid.
Repealed by the A.O.1937{See, however, paragraph 4 of the India and Burma (Transitory Provisions) rider, 1937 Section 41 read as follows:-"All sums paid for the service of process by Police-officers, and all rewards, forfeitures and penalties or shares of rewards, forfeitures and penalties which by law are payable to informers shall, when e information is laid by a police-officer, be paid into the General Police Fund " }
{So much of section 42 (the portion printed in italics) as relates to the limitation suits. repealed by Act 9 of 1871, section2 and Scheduel I}.
All actions and prosecutions against any person, which may be lawfully brought for anything done or intended to be done under the provisions of this Act, or under the general police-powers hereby given shall be commenced within three mountains after the act complained of shall have been committed, and not otherwise; and notice in writing of such action and of the cause thereof shall be given to the defendant, or to the District Superintendent or an Assistant District Superintendent of the District in which the act was committed, one month at least before the commencement of the action.
Tender of amends.- No plaintiff shall recover in any such action if tender of sufficient, amend shall have been made before such action brought, or if a sufficient sum of money shall have been paid into Court after such action brought, by or on behalf of the defendant, and, though a decree shall be g
When any action or prosecution shall be brought or any proceedings held against any police-officer for any act done by him in such capacity, it shall be lawful for him to plead that such act was done by him under the authority of a warrant issued by a Magistrate.
Such plea shall be proved by the production of the warrant directing the act, and purporting to be signed by such Magistrate and the defendant shall thereupon be entitled to a decree in his favour, notwithstanding any defect of jurisdiction in such Magistrate.No proof of the signature of such Magistrate shall be necessary, unless the Court shall see reason to doubt its being genuine:
Proviso.- Provided always that any remedy which the party may have against the authority issuing such warrant shall not be affected by anything contained in this section.
It shall be the duty of every officer in charge of a police station to keep a general diary in such form as shall, from time , be prescribed by the State Government and to record there all complaints and charges preferred, the names of all persons arrest the names of the complainants, the offences charged against them, to weapons or property that shall have been taken from their possession otherwise, and the names of the witnesses who shall have be examined.
The Magistrate of the district shall be at liberty to call for a inspect such diary.
Section 44 of the Police Act, 1861 mandates police officers in charge of police stations to maintain a general diary. This provision is crucial for ensuring accountability and transparency in police operations, as it serves as an official record of all activities and complaints handled by the police.
Section 44 states: "It shall be the duty of every officer in charge of a police station to keep a general diary in such form as shall, from time to time, be prescribed by the State Government and to record therein all complaints and charges preferred, the names of all persons arrested, the names of the complainants, the offences charged against them, the weapons or property that shall have been taken from their possession or otherwise, and the names of the witnesses who shall have been examined."
The scope of Section 44 extends to all police stations across India, ensuring that police officers maintain a systematic record of their activities. This section is integral to the functioning of the police force and is designed to enhance accountability.
While Section 44 itself does not prescribe specific punishments, failure to comply with its provisions can lead to disciplinary actions under various police regulations and potentially criminal charges under the Indian Penal Code for misconduct.
This commentary highlights the significance of Section 44 of the Police Act, 1861, in promoting accountability and transparency within the police force, while also emphasizing the legal implications of non-compliance.
The State Government may direct the submission of returns by the Inspector-General and other police-officers as to State Government shall seem proper, and may prescribe the for in which such returns shall be made.
{Substituted by Act 8 of 1895, section 15, for the original section }
(1) This Act shall not by its own operation take effect any { In the States of Madras and Bombay there are special Police Acts, see the Madras District Police Act, 1859 (24 of 1859) and the Bombay District Police Act, 1867 (Bom.7 of 1867).In the Lower Provinces of Bengal, Bengal Act 7 1869 is to be read and taken as part of Act 5 of 1861, see section6 of the former Act
This Act has been extended under the power conferred by the original section to--
(1) the U.P. including Ajmer-Merwara then under that Government Notification No.964 in the North-Western Provinces Gazette i86 p.634:
[The orders as to enforcement of the Act in 27 districts in the U.P., Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Nainital (including the Tarai Pargana and Almora and Garhwal, issued under the original section46.paragraph 2
Itshall be lawful for the State Government in carrying this Act into effect in anypart of the territories subject to such State Government, to declare that anyauthority which now is or may be don exercised by the Magistrate of the districtover any village-watchman orother village police-officer forthe purposes of police, shall be exercised, subject to the general control ofthe Magistrate of the district, by the District Superintendent of Police.
FORM
(See section 8.)
A.B.has been appointed a member of the police-force under Act 5 of 1861, and is vested with the powers, functions and privileges of a police-officer
Section FORM.1 of the Police Act, 1861, pertains to the prescribed form for certain official documents or reports within the police framework. The Act aims to organize and regulate police functions, including the documentation and reporting procedures essential for law enforcement.
While the specific text of Section FORM.1 is not directly provided in the sources, it generally relates to the standardization of forms used by police officers for recording reports, complaints, or official communications as mandated by the Act.
Note: The analysis is based on the available sources and general understanding of the Police Act, 1861, as specific text of Section FORM.1 was not provided.
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