Judgment

S. K. DAS, J. : These are 16 appeals which have been heard together. For facility of considering them on merits, it would be convenient to classify them into three categories. In the first category fall Civil Appeals Nos. 172 to 184 of 1958. In the second category are two appeals, Civil Appeals Nos. 185 and 186 of 1958. In the third category falls Civil Appeal No. 171 of 1958. The appeals in the first two categories arise out of a judgment in revison rendered by the High Court of Punjab at Simla on August 26, 1954. That decision was reported in British Medical Stores v. Bhagirath Mal, ILR (1955) Punj 639. The appeal in the third category arises out of a short order of the said High Court dated March 7, 1956, by which it dismissed an application made by the appellant-tenant under Art. 227 of the Constitution. It appears that the order was based on the decision given by the High Court in the first two categories of cases. The appeals in the first two categories have been brought to this Court on a certificate granted by the High Court, and have been consolidated by an order made by the said Court. Civil Appeal No. 171 of 1958 has been brought to this Court in pursuance of spe