1. Implementation of the Persons with Disabilities Act and protection of persons with cognitive disabilities in state-run care institutions — systemic barriers and non-compliance by state authorities. (Para 4 , 6 , 12 )
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2025 Supreme(SC) 1672
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
VIKRAM NATH, SANDEEP MEHTA, JJ.
Reena Banerjee And Another – Appellant
VERSUS
Government of NCT of Delhi And Others – Respondents
I.A. No(s). 130117 of 2018 in Civil Appeal No(s). 11938 of 2016 with
Writ Petition (Civil) No(s). 116 of 1998
Decided On : 12-09-2025
Advocates appeared:
For the Petitioner(s): Mr. Colin Gonsalves, Sr. Adv. Mr. Manik Gupta, Adv. Mr. Satya Mitra, AOR Ms. Manali Singhal, Adv. Mr. Santosh Sachin, Adv. Ms. Shreya Singhal, Adv. Ms. Aanchal Kapur, Adv. Mr. Deepak Singh Rawat, Adv. Mr. Tejasvi Kumar, Adv. Mr. Ambar Qamaruddin, AOR
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Prashant Kumar, AOR Mr. D. S. Mahra, AOR Mr. Gulshan Kumar Bajwa, AOR Mr. Nirnimesh Dube, AOR Ms. Meenakshi S. Kamble, Adv. Mr. Amit Kumar Chawla, Adv. Ms./Mr. Mahi Pal Singh, Adv. Mr. Varun Varma, Adv. Ms. Manisha Chawla, Adv. Mr. Zawed Raza, Adv. Ms. Kanchan Kumari, Adv. Mr. Ashok Kumar Singh, AOR Ms. S. Pathak, AAG Mr. Aman Prasad, Adv. Mr. Milind Kumar, AOR Mr. Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, AOR Mr. Raju Sonkar, Adv. Mr. Arjun Garg, AOR Mr. Shibashish Misra, AOR Ms. Sushma Suri, AOR Mr. Praveen Swarup, AOR Mr. Manvinder Singh, Adv. Mr. Hitesh Kumar Sharma, Adv. Mr. Akhileshwar Jha, Adv. Ms. Niharika Dewivedi, Adv. Ms. Charan Jeet Sidhu, Adv. Ms. Yamini Sharma, Adv. Mr. T. V. George, AOR Ms. Rajkumari Banju, AOR Mrs. Anil Katiyar, AOR Mr. Shree Pal Singh, AOR Mr. Abhishek Chaudhary, AOR Mr. C. K. Sasi, AOR Ms. Meena K Poulose, Adv. Ms. Bharti Tyagi, AOR Mr. Ashok Mathur, AOR Mr. Abhijit Sengupta, AOR Mr. Ramesh Babu M. R., AOR Mr. P. V. Yogeswaran, AOR Ms. K. Enatoli Sema, AOR Mr. Amit Kumar Singh, Adv. Ms. Chubalemla Chang, Adv. Mr. Prang Newmai, Adv. Ms. Hemantika Wahi, AOR Mr. Shuvodeep Roy, AOR Mr. Saurabh Tripathi, Adv. Mr. Deepayan Dutta, Adv. Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, AOR Ms. Diksha Rai, AOR Mr. Piyush Vyas, Adv. Ms. Purvat Wali, Adv. Mr. V. N. Raghupathy, AOR Mr. Raghavendra M. Kulkarni, Adv. Mr. Venkata Raghu Mannepalli, Adv. Mr. Prakash Jadhav, Adv. Ms. G. Indira, AOR Mr. P Gandepan, Adv. Mr. Ashwini Kumar, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Ms. Priyal Sheth, Adv. Ms. Rajani Ohri Lal, AOR Mr. Manoj Ranjan Sinha, Adv. Mr. Vishal Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Rameshwar Prasad Goyal, AOR Mr. Anuvrat Sharma, AOR Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, A.S.G. (Not Present) Mr. R.R.Rajesh, Adv. Ms. Sunita Sharma, Adv. Mr. Amit Sharma-b, Adv. Ms.Rekha Pandey, Adv.(V.C.) Mr. Saransh Kumar, Adv. Dr. N. Visakamurthy, AOR Mr. M.K. Maroria, AOR Ms. Sharmila Upadhyay, AOR Mr. Sarvjit Pratap Singh, Adv. Mr. Jagjit Singh Chhabra, AOR Mr. G. Prakash, AOR Mr. Piyush Beriwal, Adv. Ms. Kanu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Varun Chugh, Adv. Mr. Krishna Kant Dubey, Adv. Ms. Mrinal Elkar Mazumdar, Adv. Ms. Indira Bhakar, Adv. Mr. Mukesh Kumar Verma, Adv. Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Singh Chauhan, Adv. Mr. Harish Pandey, Adv. Mr. Shashwat Parihar, Adv. Mr. Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, AOR Mr. K. V. Mohan, AOR Mr. Anil Shrivastav, AOR Mr. Anil Shrivastav, A.A.G. Ms. Avni Shrivastav, Adv. M/S. Arputham Aruna And Co, AOR Mr. R. Sathish, AOR Mr. Chanchal Kumar Ganguli, AOR Mr. M. Yogesh Kanna, AOR Ms. Pragati Neekhra, AOR M/S. K J John And Co, AOR Ms. Diva Singh, Adv. Mr. Devendra Singh, AOR Mr. Avinash Poddar, Adv. Mr. Ankit, Adv. Mr. Sudarshan Lamba, AOR Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, A.S.G.(Not Present) Mr. Aaditya Dixit, Adv. Mr. Saransh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Gopal Singh, AOR Mr. Satish Vig, AOR Mrs. D. Bharathi Reddy, AOR Mr. Avijit Mani Tripathi, AOR Mr. Upendra Mishra, Adv. Mr. P.S. Negi, Adv. Mr. T.k. Nayak, Adv. Mr. Aditya S. Pandey, Adv. Mr. Aditya Kumar, Adv. Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, AOR Ms. Anubha Dhulia, Adv. Ms. Ankeeta Appanna, Adv. Mr. Narendra Kumar, AOR Mr. Surjendu Sankar Das, AOR Ms. Aarushi Singh, Adv. Mr. Sarthak Raizada Ga, Adv. Mr. Sarad Kumar Singhania, AOR Mr. Shashank Shekhar, Adv. Mr. Siddhant Sharma, AOR Ms. Osheen Bhat, Adv. Mr. Kunal Mimani, AOR Mr. Abhinav Rana, Adv. Mr. Shantanu Sagar, AOR Mr. Anil Kumar, Adv. Mr. Gunjesh Ranjan, Adv. Mrs. Divya Mishra, Adv. Mr. Ashish K Singh, Adv. Mr. Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, AOR Mr. Bharat Bagla, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Adv. Mr. Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, AOR Mr. Akshay Amritanshu, AOR Ms. Drishti Rawal, Adv. Ms. Drishti Saraf, Adv. Ms. Pragya Upadhyay, Adv. Ms. Suveni Bhagat, AOR Ms. Rachna Gandhi, Adv. Mr. Vishnu Shankar Jain, AOR Mr. Tanmaya Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Wrick Chatterjee, Adv. Ms. Aditi Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Sravan Kumar Karanam, AOR Mr. Abhiram Bannur, Adv. Mr. Pusa Mallesh, Adv. Mr. Tanmaya Agarwal, AOR Mr. Wrick Chatterjee, Adv. Mrs. Aditi Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Sameer Abhyankar, AOR Mr. Rahul Kumar, Adv. Mr. Aakash Thakur, Adv. Mr. Raghvendra Kumar, AOR Mr. Karan Sharma, AOR Mr. Sunny Choudhary, AOR Ms. Aswathi M.k., AOR Mr. T. R. B. Sivakumar, AOR Mr. K. V. Vijayakumar, AOR Mr. Sahil Bhalaik, AOR Mr. Tushar Giri, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Anil Khanna, Adv. Mr. Ritik Arora, Adv. Mr. Shivam Mishra, Adv. Mr. Gowtham Polanki, Adv. Mr. Sewa Singh, Adv. Mr. Anando Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Shwetank Singh, Adv. Ms. Pooja Singh, Adv. Ms. Astha Sharma, AOR Mr. Jayant Mohan, AOR Ms. Meenakshi Chatterjee, Adv. Ms. Adya Shree Dutta, Adv. Mr. Vikramjeet Banerjee, A.S.G.(Not Present) Mr. Mukesh Kumar Maroria, AOR Ms. Sunanda Shukla, Adv. Mr. Gaurang Bhushan, Adv. Mr. Alok Sangwan, AAG Mr. Samar Vijay Singh, AOR Mr. Sumit Kumar Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rajat Sangwan, Adv. Mr. Shikhar Narwal, Adv. Mr./Ms. S. Som, Adv. Mr. Aman Dev Sharma, Adv. Mr. Fateh Singh, Adv. Mr. Aravindh S., AOR Mr. Abbas B, Adv. Mr. Aman Gautam, Adv. Mr. Gurmeet Singh Makker, AOR Mr. Manish Kumar, AOR Mr. Kumar Saurav, Adv. Mr. Manish Kumar, AOR Mr. Kumar Saurav, Adv. Mr. Bharat Bagla, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Adv. Mr. Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, AOR Mr. Shiv Mangal Sharma, A.A.G. Ms. Shalini Singh, Adv. Ms. Nidhi Jaswal, AOR Mr. Sahil Bhalaik, AOR Mr. Tushar Giri, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Anil Khanna, Adv. Mr. Ritik Arora, Adv. Mr. Shivam Mishra, Adv. Mr. Gowtham Polanki, Adv. Mr. Sewa Singh, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Srivastava, A.A.G. Ms. Sugandha Anand, AOR Mr. Bhargava Ravikumar, Adv. Mr. Pukhrambam Ramesh Kumar, AOR Mr. Karun Sharma, Adv. Ms. Anupama Ngangom, Adv. Ms. Rajkumari Divyasana, Adv. Mr. Rushab Aggarwal, Adv. Mr. Pashupathi Nath Razdan, AOR Ms. G. Indira, AOR Mr. P Gandepan, Adv. Mr. Ashwini Kumar, Adv. Mr. Anando Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Shwetank Singh, Adv. Ms. Pooja Singh, Adv. Mr. Aravindh S., AOR Mr. Abbas B, Adv. Mr. Aman Gautam, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Ms. Priyal Sheth, Adv. Ms. Ankita Sharma, AOR Mr. Arjun D. Singh, Adv. Ms. Aswathi M.k., AOR Mr. Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, AOR Mr. Guntur Prabhakar, AOR Mr. Shree Pal Singh, AOR Mr. Piyush Beriwal, Adv. (V.C.) Ms. Kanu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Varun Chugh, Adv. Mr. Krishna Kant Dubey, Adv. Ms. Mrinal Elkar Mazumdar, Adv. Ms. Indira Bhakar, Adv. Mr. Mukesh Kumar Verma, Adv. Mr. Vineet Singh,Adv. Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Singh Chauhan, Adv. Mr. Harish Pandey, Adv. Mr. Shashwat Parihar, Adv. Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, AOR Mr. T. R. B. Sivakumar, AOR Mr. Tanmaya Agarwal, AOR Mr. Wrick Chatterjee, Adv. Mrs. Aditi Agarwal, Adv.
For the Petitioner(s): Mr. Colin Gonsalves, Sr. Adv. Mr. Manik Gupta, Adv. Mr. Satya Mitra, AOR Ms. Manali Singhal, Adv. Mr. Santosh Sachin, Adv. Ms. Shreya Singhal, Adv. Ms. Aanchal Kapur, Adv. Mr. Deepak Singh Rawat, Adv. Mr. Tejasvi Kumar, Adv. Mr. Ambar Qamaruddin, AOR
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Prashant Kumar, AOR Mr. D. S. Mahra, AOR Mr. Gulshan Kumar Bajwa, AOR Mr. Nirnimesh Dube, AOR Ms. Meenakshi S. Kamble, Adv. Mr. Amit Kumar Chawla, Adv. Ms./Mr. Mahi Pal Singh, Adv. Mr. Varun Varma, Adv. Ms. Manisha Chawla, Adv. Mr. Zawed Raza, Adv. Ms. Kanchan Kumari, Adv. Mr. Ashok Kumar Singh, AOR Ms. S. Pathak, AAG Mr. Aman Prasad, Adv. Mr. Milind Kumar, AOR Mr. Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, AOR Mr. Raju Sonkar, Adv. Mr. Arjun Garg, AOR Mr. Shibashish Misra, AOR Ms. Sushma Suri, AOR Mr. Praveen Swarup, AOR Mr. Manvinder Singh, Adv. Mr. Hitesh Kumar Sharma, Adv. Mr. Akhileshwar Jha, Adv. Ms. Niharika Dewivedi, Adv. Ms. Charan Jeet Sidhu, Adv. Ms. Yamini Sharma, Adv. Mr. T. V. George, AOR Ms. Rajkumari Banju, AOR Mrs. Anil Katiyar, AOR Mr. Shree Pal Singh, AOR Mr. Abhishek Chaudhary, AOR Mr. C. K. Sasi, AOR Ms. Meena K Poulose, Adv. Ms. Bharti Tyagi, AOR Mr. Ashok Mathur, AOR Mr. Abhijit Sengupta, AOR Mr. Ramesh Babu M. R., AOR Mr. P. V. Yogeswaran, AOR Ms. K. Enatoli Sema, AOR Mr. Amit Kumar Singh, Adv. Ms. Chubalemla Chang, Adv. Mr. Prang Newmai, Adv. Ms. Hemantika Wahi, AOR Mr. Shuvodeep Roy, AOR Mr. Saurabh Tripathi, Adv. Mr. Deepayan Dutta, Adv. Mr. Ranjan Mukherjee, AOR Ms. Diksha Rai, AOR Mr. Piyush Vyas, Adv. Ms. Purvat Wali, Adv. Mr. V. N. Raghupathy, AOR Mr. Raghavendra M. Kulkarni, Adv. Mr. Venkata Raghu Mannepalli, Adv. Mr. Prakash Jadhav, Adv. Ms. G. Indira, AOR Mr. P Gandepan, Adv. Mr. Ashwini Kumar, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Ms. Priyal Sheth, Adv. Ms. Rajani Ohri Lal, AOR Mr. Manoj Ranjan Sinha, Adv. Mr. Vishal Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Rameshwar Prasad Goyal, AOR Mr. Anuvrat Sharma, AOR Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, A.S.G. (Not Present) Mr. R.R.Rajesh, Adv. Ms. Sunita Sharma, Adv. Mr. Amit Sharma-b, Adv. Ms.Rekha Pandey, Adv.(V.C.) Mr. Saransh Kumar, Adv. Dr. N. Visakamurthy, AOR Mr. M.K. Maroria, AOR Ms. Sharmila Upadhyay, AOR Mr. Sarvjit Pratap Singh, Adv. Mr. Jagjit Singh Chhabra, AOR Mr. G. Prakash, AOR Mr. Piyush Beriwal, Adv. Ms. Kanu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Varun Chugh, Adv. Mr. Krishna Kant Dubey, Adv. Ms. Mrinal Elkar Mazumdar, Adv. Ms. Indira Bhakar, Adv. Mr. Mukesh Kumar Verma, Adv. Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Singh Chauhan, Adv. Mr. Harish Pandey, Adv. Mr. Shashwat Parihar, Adv. Mr. Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, AOR Mr. K. V. Mohan, AOR Mr. Anil Shrivastav, AOR Mr. Anil Shrivastav, A.A.G. Ms. Avni Shrivastav, Adv. M/S. Arputham Aruna And Co, AOR Mr. R. Sathish, AOR Mr. Chanchal Kumar Ganguli, AOR Mr. M. Yogesh Kanna, AOR Ms. Pragati Neekhra, AOR M/S. K J John And Co, AOR Ms. Diva Singh, Adv. Mr. Devendra Singh, AOR Mr. Avinash Poddar, Adv. Mr. Ankit, Adv. Mr. Sudarshan Lamba, AOR Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, A.S.G.(Not Present) Mr. Aaditya Dixit, Adv. Mr. Saransh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Gopal Singh, AOR Mr. Satish Vig, AOR Mrs. D. Bharathi Reddy, AOR Mr. Avijit Mani Tripathi, AOR Mr. Upendra Mishra, Adv. Mr. P.S. Negi, Adv. Mr. T.k. Nayak, Adv. Mr. Aditya S. Pandey, Adv. Mr. Aditya Kumar, Adv. Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, AOR Ms. Anubha Dhulia, Adv. Ms. Ankeeta Appanna, Adv. Mr. Narendra Kumar, AOR Mr. Surjendu Sankar Das, AOR Ms. Aarushi Singh, Adv. Mr. Sarthak Raizada Ga, Adv. Mr. Sarad Kumar Singhania, AOR Mr. Shashank Shekhar, Adv. Mr. Siddhant Sharma, AOR Ms. Osheen Bhat, Adv. Mr. Kunal Mimani, AOR Mr. Abhinav Rana, Adv. Mr. Shantanu Sagar, AOR Mr. Anil Kumar, Adv. Mr. Gunjesh Ranjan, Adv. Mrs. Divya Mishra, Adv. Mr. Ashish K Singh, Adv. Mr. Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, AOR Mr. Bharat Bagla, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Adv. Mr. Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, AOR Mr. Akshay Amritanshu, AOR Ms. Drishti Rawal, Adv. Ms. Drishti Saraf, Adv. Ms. Pragya Upadhyay, Adv. Ms. Suveni Bhagat, AOR Ms. Rachna Gandhi, Adv. Mr. Vishnu Shankar Jain, AOR Mr. Tanmaya Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Wrick Chatterjee, Adv. Ms. Aditi Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Sravan Kumar Karanam, AOR Mr. Abhiram Bannur, Adv. Mr. Pusa Mallesh, Adv. Mr. Tanmaya Agarwal, AOR Mr. Wrick Chatterjee, Adv. Mrs. Aditi Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Sameer Abhyankar, AOR Mr. Rahul Kumar, Adv. Mr. Aakash Thakur, Adv. Mr. Raghvendra Kumar, AOR Mr. Karan Sharma, AOR Mr. Sunny Choudhary, AOR Ms. Aswathi M.k., AOR Mr. T. R. B. Sivakumar, AOR Mr. K. V. Vijayakumar, AOR Mr. Sahil Bhalaik, AOR Mr. Tushar Giri, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Anil Khanna, Adv. Mr. Ritik Arora, Adv. Mr. Shivam Mishra, Adv. Mr. Gowtham Polanki, Adv. Mr. Sewa Singh, Adv. Mr. Anando Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Shwetank Singh, Adv. Ms. Pooja Singh, Adv. Ms. Astha Sharma, AOR Mr. Jayant Mohan, AOR Ms. Meenakshi Chatterjee, Adv. Ms. Adya Shree Dutta, Adv. Mr. Vikramjeet Banerjee, A.S.G.(Not Present) Mr. Mukesh Kumar Maroria, AOR Ms. Sunanda Shukla, Adv. Mr. Gaurang Bhushan, Adv. Mr. Alok Sangwan, AAG Mr. Samar Vijay Singh, AOR Mr. Sumit Kumar Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rajat Sangwan, Adv. Mr. Shikhar Narwal, Adv. Mr./Ms. S. Som, Adv. Mr. Aman Dev Sharma, Adv. Mr. Fateh Singh, Adv. Mr. Aravindh S., AOR Mr. Abbas B, Adv. Mr. Aman Gautam, Adv. Mr. Gurmeet Singh Makker, AOR Mr. Manish Kumar, AOR Mr. Kumar Saurav, Adv. Mr. Manish Kumar, AOR Mr. Kumar Saurav, Adv. Mr. Bharat Bagla, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Adv. Mr. Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, AOR Mr. Shiv Mangal Sharma, A.A.G. Ms. Shalini Singh, Adv. Ms. Nidhi Jaswal, AOR Mr. Sahil Bhalaik, AOR Mr. Tushar Giri, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Anil Khanna, Adv. Mr. Ritik Arora, Adv. Mr. Shivam Mishra, Adv. Mr. Gowtham Polanki, Adv. Mr. Sewa Singh, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Srivastava, A.A.G. Ms. Sugandha Anand, AOR Mr. Bhargava Ravikumar, Adv. Mr. Pukhrambam Ramesh Kumar, AOR Mr. Karun Sharma, Adv. Ms. Anupama Ngangom, Adv. Ms. Rajkumari Divyasana, Adv. Mr. Rushab Aggarwal, Adv. Mr. Pashupathi Nath Razdan, AOR Ms. G. Indira, AOR Mr. P Gandepan, Adv. Mr. Ashwini Kumar, Adv. Mr. Anando Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Shwetank Singh, Adv. Ms. Pooja Singh, Adv. Mr. Aravindh S., AOR Mr. Abbas B, Adv. Mr. Aman Gautam, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Ms. Priyal Sheth, Adv. Ms. Ankita Sharma, AOR Mr. Arjun D. Singh, Adv. Ms. Aswathi M.k., AOR Mr. Nishant Ramakantrao Katneshwarkar, AOR Mr. Guntur Prabhakar, AOR Mr. Shree Pal Singh, AOR Mr. Piyush Beriwal, Adv. (V.C.) Ms. Kanu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Varun Chugh, Adv. Mr. Krishna Kant Dubey, Adv. Ms. Mrinal Elkar Mazumdar, Adv. Ms. Indira Bhakar, Adv. Mr. Mukesh Kumar Verma, Adv. Mr. Vineet Singh,Adv. Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Singh Chauhan, Adv. Mr. Harish Pandey, Adv. Mr. Shashwat Parihar, Adv. Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shreekant Neelappa Terdal, AOR Mr. T. R. B. Sivakumar, AOR Mr. Tanmaya Agarwal, AOR Mr. Wrick Chatterjee, Adv. Mrs. Aditi Agarwal, Adv.
Important Points
The Court affirmed that disability rights are fundamental under Articles 14, 19, and 21, requiring substantive equality and reasonable accommodation. It mandated nationwide monitoring of care institutions to ensure dignity and directed that meritorious PWD candidates be granted "upward movement" in reservations to maximize affirmative action benefits.
Subject
Disability Rights - Compliance and Monitoring
Act Referred
Headnote
(A) Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 - Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 - Public interest litigation for the comprehensive implementation of disability rights. The court emphasized the constitutional obligation to ensure accessibility and inclusion for persons with disabilities, identifying systemic barriers to their rights. The Advisory Group Expert Panel's recommendations call for nation-wide monitoring of care institutions for persons with disabilities, focusing on resident profiling, care, rehabilitation, accessibility, infrastructure, education, rights protection, and compliance with legal mandates. The Court mandated compliance with statutory provisions and the appointment of designated officers for oversight. (Paras 1-57)
Facts of the case:
The case arose from a writ petition filed in 1998 and a subsequent civil appeal in 2016, seeking to ensure compliance with disability rights legislation and to address systemic failures affecting individuals with cognitive disabilities in care institutions. (Paras 4-6)
Findings of Court:
The Court found that many States and Union Territories failed to comply with the provisions of disability rights legislation, necessitating urgent action to uphold the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities. Monitoring and assessment of State-run institutions were ordered to ensure compliance with legal mandates for better welfare and rehabilitation. (Paras 8-40)
Issues: The key issues included ensuring implementation of disability rights legislation, addressing systemic barriers in care institutions, and establishing effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms. (Paras 1-41)
Ratio Decidendi: The court highlighted that persons with disabilities must be recognized not merely as subjects of charity but as equals in society. Legal frameworks must reflect the rights to dignity, equality, and community living, requiring active state intervention and compliance with established laws. (Paras 9-18)
Result: The application for directions was disposed of with directions for compliance and monitoring of disability rights in care institutions. (Paras 56-57)
Facts of the case:
The case arose from a writ petition filed in 1998 and a subsequent civil appeal in 2016, seeking to ensure compliance with disability rights legislation and to address systemic failures affecting individuals with cognitive disabilities in care institutions. (Paras 4-6)
Findings of Court:
The Court found that many States and Union Territories failed to comply with the provisions of disability rights legislation, necessitating urgent action to uphold the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities. Monitoring and assessment of State-run institutions were ordered to ensure compliance with legal mandates for better welfare and rehabilitation. (Paras 8-40)
Issues: The key issues included ensuring implementation of disability rights legislation, addressing systemic barriers in care institutions, and establishing effective monitoring and accountability mechanisms. (Paras 1-41)
Ratio Decidendi: The court highlighted that persons with disabilities must be recognized not merely as subjects of charity but as equals in society. Legal frameworks must reflect the rights to dignity, equality, and community living, requiring active state intervention and compliance with established laws. (Paras 9-18)
Result: The application for directions was disposed of with directions for compliance and monitoring of disability rights in care institutions. (Paras 56-57)
Judgement Key Points
Understood. Please provide the legal document within
Legal Category Hierarchy
- constitutional law
- administrative law
- human rights law
Table of Contents
2. Petitioners sought comprehensive implementation of statutory frameworks, mandatory reservations in teaching posts, and independent oversight to prevent abuse and neglect in state-run care institutions. (Para 7 , 12 , 23 )
3. Disability is a form of human diversity requiring substantive equality and reasonable accommodation; institutional care must transition toward community-based models to ensure dignity and autonomy. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 31 , 32 , 35 )
4. The right to equality for persons with disabilities is anchored in dignity and autonomy, necessitating the removal of systemic barriers and provision of reasonable accommodation. (Para 2 , 30 , 35 )
5. Established Project Ability Empowerment for nationwide monitoring of care institutions by eight NLUs and directed the Union to explain the lack of upward movement in reservations. (Para 36 , 53 )
6. How has the legal understanding of disability evolved in the context of constitutional rights?
It has shifted from a medical or charitable model to a social and human rights model, viewing disability as human diversity rather than a deficit, requiring substantive equality and reasonable accommodation to ensure meaningful participation. (Para 1 , 3 , 25 )
7. Is accessibility merely a technical requirement or a fundamental right?
Accessibility is a fundamental constitutional principle and a prerequisite for exercising other rights, ensuring persons with disabilities can participate meaningfully in civic, cultural, and economic life without systemic exclusion. (Para 2 , 29 )
8. What is the principle of reasonable accommodation in employment and education?
It requires responsive, individualised adjustments to remove structural disadvantages, ensuring that equality is substantive rather than formal and not based on rigid, standardised benchmarks or productivity-centric paradigms. (Para 30 , 33 )
9. What is the principle of upward movement regarding reservations for persons with disabilities?
Meritorious candidates from reserved categories who exceed the unreserved cut-off should migrate to the unreserved list, ensuring reserved seats remain available for more disadvantaged candidates who need affirmative action. (Para 50 , 51 , 52 )
10. What is the normative goal for the care of persons with cognitive disabilities in state institutions?
The goal is a transition from large-scale congregate institutionalisation toward community-based systems of care, promoting autonomy, dignity, and integration into society through individualised care plans and exit pathways. (Para 21 , 37 )
JUDGMENT :
MEHTA, J.
IA NO(S). 130117 OF 2018 IN CIVIL APPEAL NO(S). 11938 OF 2016
Table of Contents
| A. Introduction |
| B. Background |
| I. Writ Petition |
| II. Special Leave Petition (Now Civil Appeal) |
| D. Advisory Group Expert Panel Report and its Recommendations |
| E. International Legal Framework on Disability Rights and Accessibility |
| F. Indian Framework on Disability Rights and Accessibility |
| G. Direction(s) and Conclusion: |
| Part I. Resident Profiling, Care and Rehabilitation |
| Part II. Accessibility, Infrastructure and Education |
| Part III. Rights, Protection and Compliance |
| Part IV: Staffing, Resources and Institutional Accountability |
| Part V. Documentation and Welfare Access |
| Part VI. Reservation |
A. Introduction
1. Disability represents a fundamental aspect of human diversity that transcends medical definitions to encompass critical questions of constitutional democracy and social justice. The concept of disability exposes the gap between constitutional promises and lived reality. When legal systems treat disability as a medical problem requiring accommodation rather than a form of human diversity deserving equal participation, they expose their own weaknesses and limitations. Rather than viewing disability as a deficit requiring correction, the law must recognise it as a lens that reveals the true nature of legal, social, and institutional frameworks, illuminating whether they embrace human diversity or create barriers that exclude certain members of society, i.e., those who have been discriminated against by providence or those who have suffered the disability factor during their lifetime.
2. The experiences of persons with disabilities demonstrate whether democratic institutions genuinely serve all citizens or whether they are designed around narrow assumptions about human capacity and participation. The principle of accessibility and reasonable accommodation emerges as a fundamental constitutional principle, not merely a technical requirement, but a measure of democratic inclusivity that determines whether all citizens can exercise their constitutional rights meaningfully. When physical spaces, digital platforms, information systems, procedural frameworks, and public hiring lack accessibility, they effectively deny constitutional guarantees of equal participation to persons with disabilities. The absence of accessible design in public institutions, judicial processes, educational systems, and civic spaces constitutes a systemic barrier that transforms constitutional rights into hollow promises. When systems fail to prioritise accessibility from their inception, they reveal fundamental flaws in their conception of citizenship and equality.
3. The jurisprudential understanding of disability rights in India and around the world has evolved beyond traditional medical models to the social model, encompassing broader questions of equality, accessibility, and institutional design that strike at the heart of constitutional governance. The lived experiences of persons with disabilities within legal systems serve as a litmus test for constitutional democracy, raising questions if our institutions are structured to facilitate meaningful participation by all citizens or whether they maintain barriers that effectively deny constitutional rights to persons with disabilities.
4. The present litigation arises from two cases, one a Writ Petition instituted in 1998 and another a Special Leave Petition filed in 2012 [Later, Civil Appeal No. 11938 of 2016], seeking directions to ensure comprehensive implementation of the statutory framework by the Government of States and Union Territories under the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 19951[Hereinafter referred to as ‘1995 Act.’] and protection of the persons with cognitive disability2[“Cognitive disabilities” herein is used as an umbrella term that refers to a broad range of conditions th
