B. V. NAGARATHNA, R. MAHADEVAN
Ram Chandra Choudhary – Appellant
Versus
Roop Nagar Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Samiti Limited – Respondent
What is the maintainability of writ petitions challenging bye-laws regulating elections under the Rajasthan Co-operative Societies Act, 2001? What is the distinction between eligibility to contest elections and disqualifications under the Act, 2001, and how do bye-laws fit within this framework? What is the appropriate forum and remedies for disputes concerning co‑operative society elections, and is judicial review under Article 226 appropriate where a statutory mechanism exists?
Key Points: - (!) Maintanability threshold and threshold questions on writ jurisdiction vs statutory remedies under Act, 2001. - (!) Right to vote vs right to contest elections; eligibility vs disqualification distinctions. - (!) Section 58(1)-(2)(c) and exclusive Registrar adjudication over disputes touching constitution/management including elections. - (!) High Court writ jurisdiction limited; need exhaustion of statutory remedies per Titaghur, Umesh Shivappa etc. - (!) Internal governance disputes of co-operatives typically not public law; require statutory dispute resolution. - (!) Section 58(2)(c) deems election disputes as touching constitution/management. - (!) Complete statutory remedies and hierarchy (Sections 58, 60, 100-107) available. - (!) Writ petitions challenging bye-laws in context of elections not appropriate where statutory remedies exist. - (!) Titan: statutory remedy hierarchy under Act 2001. - (!) Writ petitions ought to have been rejected; efficacious remedy under Act. - (!) Subordinate legislation (bye-laws) intra vires; power source from Section 8 read with Schedule B; not disqualifications but eligibility conditions. - (!) Section 32 incorporates bye-laws into electoral framework; not independent from Act. - (!) Non-joinder and in rem issues; effect on affected parties. - (!) High Court erred by striking down across all unions without hearing all affected parties. - (!) Result: Appeal allowed; impugned judgments set aside.
| Table of Content |
|---|
| 1. civil appeal origins and implications (Para 2 , 3) |
| 2. context of bye-laws and judicial intervention (Para 6) |
| 3. arguments on writ maintainability and jurisdiction (Para 7) |
| 4. counterarguments supporting bye-laws validity (Para 8) |
| 5. court's jurisdictional findings on representation (Para 10 , 11 , 12 , 13) |
| 6. legal principles on maintainability and statutory obligations (Para 14 , 15) |
| 7. statutory framework governing elections (Para 16 , 17 , 18 , 19) |
| 8. bye-laws authority and scope of regulation (Para 20) |
| 9. court's final observations on parties and natural justice (Para 21) |
| 10. conclusion and order of the appeal (Para 22 , 23 , 24) |
JUDGMENT :
Leave granted.
3. By the aforesaid common judgment, the learned Single Judge allowed a batch of writ petitions and declared Bye-law Nos. 20.1(2), 20.1(4), 20.2(7) and 20.2(9) as framed by various District Milk Producers’ Co-operative Unions in the State of Rajasthan, including those chaired by the present appellants to be ultra vires the provisions of the Rajasthan Co-operative Societies Act, 2001 and consequently non est in the eyes of law. The learned Single Judge further directed that all ensuing elections to the said Unions shall
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State Of Kerala vs Joe Thomas - 2025 0 Supreme(Ker) 1999: Cited as holding by the Hon'ble Apex Court in Thalappalam Service Co-operative Bank Limited and others (supra), indicating it has been followed or relied upon in subsequent decisions. Specific language: "It has been held so by the Hon'ble Apex Court in Thalappalam Service Co-operative Bank Limited and others (supra)."
Supreme Court Bar Association VS B. D. Kaushik - 2011 6 Supreme 417: Explicitly states ‘One Bar One Vote’ approved, indicating positive treatment or approval.
Naresh Chandra Agrawal VS Institute Of Chartered Accountants of India - 2024 2 Supreme 238: Discusses principles of delegated legislation and ultra vires, presented as established legal principles without negative treatment indicators.
State Of T. N. VS P. Krishnamurthy - 2006 5 Supreme 581: Holds Rule 38A valid and reads it down for subsisting leases, presented as a binding outcome without negative indicators.
K. Krishna Murthy VS Union of India - 2010 4 Supreme 33: Challenge to constitutional validity rejected, indicating the articles were upheld, without negative treatment.
Thalappalam Ser. Coop. Bank Ltd. VS State of Kerala - 2013 7 Supreme 291: States "All Cooperative societies are not public authorities," presented as a holding without negative indicators.
General Manager, Kisan Sahkari Chini Mills LTD. , Sultanpur, U. P. VS Satrughan Nishad - 2003 7 Supreme 250: Sets out test for determining State instrumentality ("real status of body with respect to control of government"), presented as authoritative without negative indicators.
Javed VS State Of Haryana - 2003 5 Supreme 371: Holds disqualification provisions intra vires and salutary, without negative treatment.
High Court Bar Association Allahabad VS State of Uttar Pradesh - 2023 0 Supreme(SC) 1325: Discusses risks of indefinite stay orders and need for review, presented as relevant guidance without negative indicators.
Umesh Shivappa Ambi VS Angadi Shekara Basappa - 1998 9 Supreme 175: "Important Point" flags a specific rule on jurisdiction (challenge to election must be before Registrar, not writ under Article 226), suggesting contextual limitation on writ remedy.
Federal Bank LTD. VS Sagar Thomas - 2003 7 Supreme 22: Specifies writ under Article 226 not maintainable against private company like Federal Bank Ltd., indicating a distinguished application of writ jurisdiction.
Akalakunnam Village Service Co-op. Bank Ltd. VS Binu N. - 2014 7 Supreme 249: Holds selections contravening procedure illegal and Section 69 inapplicable, limiting arbitration remedy to non-candidates.
A. Umarani VS Registrar Co-operative Societies - 2004 6 Supreme 143: Holds appointments violating mandatory provisions wholly illegal and non-curable by regularisation, presented as a strict rule.
Supriya Basu VS W. B. Housing Board - 2005 5 Supreme 371: "Important point" states writ lies only for enforcing statutory public duties on co-operative societies, limiting scope of writ jurisdiction based on nature of duty.
ERNAKULAM REGIONAL Co-operative MILK PRODUCERS UNION LTD VS STATE Co-operative ELECTION COMMISSION - 2025 Supreme(KER) 1041: No explicit treatment indicators such as citations, approvals, or criticisms; merely states a holding on election guidelines and amendment applicability. Treatment unclear due to lack of referencing language.
The bye-laws governing elections within co-operative societies are valid and enforceable, as they regulate participation without infringing on voting rights, thereby promoting effective governance wh....
The main legal point established in the judgment is the violation of the petitioner's fundamental right to participate in the election process due to the inconsistency between Bye-law 24(viii) and Se....
The right to contest elections is a statutory right, not a fundamental right, and arbitrary term restrictions violate the autonomy of co-operative societies.
When a right is created by a statute, which itself prescribes the remedy or procedure for enforcing the right or liability, resort must be had to that particular statutory remedy before invoking the ....
Section 16B of KCS Act creates an ineligibility for a member of an APCOS to continue as an active member in certain circumstances, which are totally unique to such a type of society.
Writ jurisdiction does not extend to enforcing cooperative society bye laws, which lack the force of law and are treated as private contractual obligations.
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