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2026 Supreme(SC) 376

B. V. NAGARATHNA, R. MAHADEVAN
Ram Chandra Choudhary – Appellant
Versus
Roop Nagar Dugdh Utpadak Sahakari Samiti Limited – Respondent


Advocates appeared:
For the Petitioner(s): Mr. Kapil Sipal, Sr. Adv. Mr. Purushottam Sharma Tripathi, AOR Mr. Ravi Chandra Prakash, Adv. Mr. Amit, Adv. Ms. Vani Vyas, Adv. Mr. Prakhar Singh, Adv.
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Shiv Mangal Sharma, A.A.G. Ms. Arushi Rathore, Adv. Ms. Nidhi Jaswal, AOR Mr. Namit Saxena, AOR

Judgement Key Points

What is the maintainability of writ petitions challenging bye-laws regulating elections under the Rajasthan Co-operative Societies Act, 2001? What is the distinction between eligibility to contest elections and disqualifications under the Act, 2001, and how do bye-laws fit within this framework? What is the appropriate forum and remedies for disputes concerning co‑operative society elections, and is judicial review under Article 226 appropriate where a statutory mechanism exists?

Key Points: - (!) Maintanability threshold and threshold questions on writ jurisdiction vs statutory remedies under Act, 2001. - (!) Right to vote vs right to contest elections; eligibility vs disqualification distinctions. - (!) Section 58(1)-(2)(c) and exclusive Registrar adjudication over disputes touching constitution/management including elections. - (!) High Court writ jurisdiction limited; need exhaustion of statutory remedies per Titaghur, Umesh Shivappa etc. - (!) Internal governance disputes of co-operatives typically not public law; require statutory dispute resolution. - (!) Section 58(2)(c) deems election disputes as touching constitution/management. - (!) Complete statutory remedies and hierarchy (Sections 58, 60, 100-107) available. - (!) Writ petitions challenging bye-laws in context of elections not appropriate where statutory remedies exist. - (!) Titan: statutory remedy hierarchy under Act 2001. - (!) Writ petitions ought to have been rejected; efficacious remedy under Act. - (!) Subordinate legislation (bye-laws) intra vires; power source from Section 8 read with Schedule B; not disqualifications but eligibility conditions. - (!) Section 32 incorporates bye-laws into electoral framework; not independent from Act. - (!) Non-joinder and in rem issues; effect on affected parties. - (!) High Court erred by striking down across all unions without hearing all affected parties. - (!) Result: Appeal allowed; impugned judgments set aside.

What is the maintainability of writ petitions challenging bye-laws regulating elections under the Rajasthan Co-operative Societies Act, 2001?

What is the distinction between eligibility to contest elections and disqualifications under the Act, 2001, and how do bye-laws fit within this framework?

What is the appropriate forum and remedies for disputes concerning co‑operative society elections, and is judicial review under Article 226 appropriate where a statutory mechanism exists?


Table of Content
1. civil appeal origins and implications (Para 2 , 3)
2. context of bye-laws and judicial intervention (Para 6)
3. arguments on writ maintainability and jurisdiction (Para 7)
4. counterarguments supporting bye-laws validity (Para 8)
5. court's jurisdictional findings on representation (Para 10 , 11 , 12 , 13)
6. legal principles on maintainability and statutory obligations (Para 14 , 15)
7. statutory framework governing elections (Para 16 , 17 , 18 , 19)
8. bye-laws authority and scope of regulation (Para 20)
9. court's final observations on parties and natural justice (Para 21)
10. conclusion and order of the appeal (Para 22 , 23 , 24)

JUDGMENT :

Leave granted.

3. By the aforesaid common judgment, the learned Single Judge allowed a batch of writ petitions and declared Bye-law Nos. 20.1(2), 20.1(4), 20.2(7) and 20.2(9) as framed by various District Milk Producers’ Co-operative Unions in the State of Rajasthan, including those chaired by the present appellants to be ultra vires the provisions of the Rajasthan Co-operative Societies Act, 2001 and consequently non est in the eyes of law. The learned Single Judge further directed that all ensuing elections to the said Unions shall

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Judicial Analysis

State Of Kerala vs Joe Thomas - 2025 0 Supreme(Ker) 1999: Cited as holding by the Hon'ble Apex Court in Thalappalam Service Co-operative Bank Limited and others (supra), indicating it has been followed or relied upon in subsequent decisions. Specific language: "It has been held so by the Hon'ble Apex Court in Thalappalam Service Co-operative Bank Limited and others (supra)."

Supreme Court Bar Association VS B. D. Kaushik - 2011 6 Supreme 417: Explicitly states ‘One Bar One Vote’ approved, indicating positive treatment or approval.

Naresh Chandra Agrawal VS Institute Of Chartered Accountants of India - 2024 2 Supreme 238: Discusses principles of delegated legislation and ultra vires, presented as established legal principles without negative treatment indicators.

State Of T. N. VS P. Krishnamurthy - 2006 5 Supreme 581: Holds Rule 38A valid and reads it down for subsisting leases, presented as a binding outcome without negative indicators.

K. Krishna Murthy VS Union of India - 2010 4 Supreme 33: Challenge to constitutional validity rejected, indicating the articles were upheld, without negative treatment.

Thalappalam Ser. Coop. Bank Ltd. VS State of Kerala - 2013 7 Supreme 291: States "All Cooperative societies are not public authorities," presented as a holding without negative indicators.

General Manager, Kisan Sahkari Chini Mills LTD. , Sultanpur, U. P. VS Satrughan Nishad - 2003 7 Supreme 250: Sets out test for determining State instrumentality ("real status of body with respect to control of government"), presented as authoritative without negative indicators.

Javed VS State Of Haryana - 2003 5 Supreme 371: Holds disqualification provisions intra vires and salutary, without negative treatment.

High Court Bar Association Allahabad VS State of Uttar Pradesh - 2023 0 Supreme(SC) 1325: Discusses risks of indefinite stay orders and need for review, presented as relevant guidance without negative indicators.

Umesh Shivappa Ambi VS Angadi Shekara Basappa - 1998 9 Supreme 175: "Important Point" flags a specific rule on jurisdiction (challenge to election must be before Registrar, not writ under Article 226), suggesting contextual limitation on writ remedy.

Federal Bank LTD. VS Sagar Thomas - 2003 7 Supreme 22: Specifies writ under Article 226 not maintainable against private company like Federal Bank Ltd., indicating a distinguished application of writ jurisdiction.

Akalakunnam Village Service Co-op. Bank Ltd. VS Binu N. - 2014 7 Supreme 249: Holds selections contravening procedure illegal and Section 69 inapplicable, limiting arbitration remedy to non-candidates.

A. Umarani VS Registrar Co-operative Societies - 2004 6 Supreme 143: Holds appointments violating mandatory provisions wholly illegal and non-curable by regularisation, presented as a strict rule.

Supriya Basu VS W. B. Housing Board - 2005 5 Supreme 371: "Important point" states writ lies only for enforcing statutory public duties on co-operative societies, limiting scope of writ jurisdiction based on nature of duty.

ERNAKULAM REGIONAL Co-operative MILK PRODUCERS UNION LTD VS STATE Co-operative ELECTION COMMISSION - 2025 Supreme(KER) 1041: No explicit treatment indicators such as citations, approvals, or criticisms; merely states a holding on election guidelines and amendment applicability. Treatment unclear due to lack of referencing language.

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