IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA
ARUN KUMAR JHA, J.
Civil Misc. Jur. No.26 of 2019
(6.2.2024)
Smt. Dhira Mishra alias Dhira Devi & Ors. ... Petitioners
vs.
Md. Laique Ahmad & Ors. ... Respondents
Civil Procedure Code, 1908 – Sections 38 and 47 – Execution of decree – Executing Court cannot go behind decree and it has to execute decree as it is – Duty and power of executing Court are limited and it could give effect only to terms of decree and not beyond it – While executing a decree for specific performance, Court, in case of any ambiguity, has to necessarily construe decree so as to give effect to intention of parties – It becomes bounden duty of Court to interpret decree in the process of giving true effect to decree – At that juncture, executing Court has to be very cautious in supplementing its interpretation and conscious of fact that it cannot be draw a new decree – Executing Court shall strike a fine balance between the two while exercising jurisdiction in the process of giving effect to decree. (Paras 11, 27, 28 and 30)
Civil Procedure Code, 1908 – Section 47 – Objection to execution of decree – Scope of scrutiny under Section 47 of CPC in a decree is limited to objections to its executability only on the ground of jurisdictional infirmity or voidness – Only decree which is a nullity can be subject matter of objection under Section 47 of CPC and not one which is erroneous either in law or on facts – For specific performance of contract, it was incumbent upon first appellate court to indicate in what manner contract was to be performed – Ingredients of specific performance are woefully lacking in judgment of first Appellate Court as well as in decree – But same would not make decree non-executable because executing court can always look into judgment of first Appellate Court where a clear cut finding has been recorded in favour of decree holders regarding specific performance of contract – On mere technicality, a decree lawfully issued cannot be allowed to be frustrated since decree is not a nullity – Executing Court has got ample powers under Section 151 of CPC to ensure execution with reasonable terms – Order passed by Executing Court upheld. (Paras 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 49 and 50)
Key Points: - The scope of scrutiny under Section 47 is limited to objections on jurisdictional infirmity or voidness of the decree (!) (!) . - An executing court cannot go behind the decree unless it is a nullity, but may interpret ambiguous terms with reference to the judgment and pleadings (!) (!) . - A decree is non-executable only if it is a nullity or not capable of execution under law, and not merely erroneous in law or fact (!) (!) . - The executing court may construe the decree and prescribe a reasonable mode and time for performance if the decree is ambiguous, to avoid frustration of a valid decree (!) (!) . - The court must balance between adhering to the decree’s terms and ensuring effective disposal, without drawing a new decree (!) (!) .
Arun Kumar Jha, J. – The lament of Right Hon. Sir James Colvile in the year 1872 in a case before the Privy Council (The General Manager of the Raj Durbhunga, Under the Court of Wards vs. Maharajah Coomar Ramaput Sing), (1871-72)14 MIA 605, also reported in (1872) SCC OnLine PC 16 “that the difficulties of a litigant in India begin when he has obtained a decree” still holds true and the situation has not improved even after a century and half.
2. This prophetic observation has been taken note by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the cases of Jini Dhanrajgir and Anr. vs. Shibu Mathew and Anr., reported in 2023 SCC OnLine SC 643 [: 2023 (4) BLJ 167 (SC)] and Predeep Mehra vs. Harijivan J. Jethwa (Since Deceased Thr. LRS.) & Ors., reported in 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1395. There is no gainsaying the fact that even after lapse of so much time, the woes of decree-holders have not subsided and execution proceedings are being used by judgment-debtors with impunity who exploit every provision to their benefit to the fullest extent possible to frustrate the execution proceedings making the whole process look like a farce and the courts become unwitting tools in the shenanigans of unscrupulous litigants. But the observation of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Jini Dhanrajgir and Anr. (supra) is to be kept in mind that the situation is indeed disquieting, viewed from the perspective of the decree holders, but the law, as it stands has to be given effect whether the court likes the result or not.
3. In the present case, the instant petition has been filed for setting aside the order dated 06.10.2018 passed by the learned Munsif Sadar, Purnea in Title Execution Case No. 02 of 2015 by which the learned Munsif has rejected the petition dated 23.03.2017 filed by the petitioners, who are judgment debtor nos.2 to 6 and respondent nos. 1 and 2 are the decree holders.
4. The respondent 1st set (Respondent Nos. 1 and 2) filed Title Suit No. 479 of 1990 before the Court of learned Munsif Sadar, Purnea against Krishna Devi (Defendant 1st party), Smt. Shyama Devi (defendant 2nd party) and Md. Kasim (Respondent No.3/defendant 3rd party) seeking following relief(s): –
“A. Let it be decided and declared by the Court that the Defendant No. 1 Defendant finalized to sell the suit land with the Plaintiffs on 21.09.1990 and in pursuance to that the Defendant No.1 received a sum of Rs.2,100/- as an advance from Plaintiffs and executed and Registered a Jarbeyananama 22.09.1990 and agreed and promised to execute and Registered Sale Deed with respect to the suit land in favour of the Plaintiffs on receipt of balance consideration money.
B. After above adjudication, it be declared by the Court that Defendant No.1 during the subsistence of the valid contract could not sell the suit land to the Defendant No.2 and the Sale Deeds executed and Registered by the Defendant No.1 to the Defendant No.2 for the suit land on 31.10.1990 / 01.01.1990 in sham and collusive transaction and the same is without consideration and the Defendant No.2 did not acquire any valid, right, title, interest or possession over the suit land the same be set-aside.
C. After the above adjudication, a decree for specific performance of contract for the suit land be passed in favour of the Plaintiffs, against the Defendants and the Defendant No.1 be directed to execute and Register the Sale Deed with respect to the suit land in favour of the Plaintiffs on receipt of balance consideration money within the time fixed by the Court and the Defendant No.2 also be directed to join hands with the Defendant No.1 and if the Defendants failed to execute and Register the Sale Deed with respect to the suit land on receipt of the balance consideration money in favour of the Plaintiffs, the Court be pleased to execute and Register the Sale Deed for the suit land on behalf of the Defendants to the Plaintiffs on the cost of the Defendants on deposit the balance consideration money in Court by the Plaintiffs and the posse
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Point of law: If once we accept the legal position that neither a contract for sale nor a decree passed on that basis for specific performance of the contract gives any right or title to the decree-h....
The executing court is bound by the decree's terms and cannot entertain objections that do not pertain to jurisdiction, even if the decree is allegedly erroneous.
The appellate court can validate or invalidate a decree based on the jurisdiction exercised, distinguishing between errors within jurisdiction and those that constitute a nullity due to inherent lack....
A decree remains executable even if some defendants are deceased, provided their heirs are on record and did not contest the suit.
A decree passed against a deceased person is not a nullity if the death was not disclosed to the court; execution can proceed unless the decree is set aside by a competent authority.
Execution of decree – Execution can proceed even if formal decree is not drawn – Quoting a wrong statutory provisions does not create a bar and stand in way of considering application.
One joint decree-holder may apply for execution for the benefit of all unless expressly stated otherwise; courts can assess intent beyond strict decree wording.
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