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2026 Supreme(All) 229

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD
ACHAL SACHDEV, J.
Bhagwat Kushwaha – Appellant
Versus
State of U.P. – Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 452 of 2021
Decided On : 13-01-2026

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellants : Abhishek Mayank, Abhishek Srivastava, Arbaz Danish, Vipin Kumar, Zia Naz Zaidi
For the Respondents: Rajesh Kumar Singh, Vinay Kumar Singh

The court emphasized the necessity of proving consent in cases of alleged rape, highlighting that discrepancies in the victim's testimony and absence of objective evidence consistently undermined the prosecution's case.

Headnote:(A) Indian Penal Code - Sections 363, 366, and 376 - Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 - Sections 3 and 4 - The appellant was convicted of kidnapping and rape but subsequently acquitted as the victim was found to be a major, having left her house willingly; crucial inconsistencies in the victim's testimony and medical findings led to doubts regarding the prosecution’s case. (Paras 26, 28, 68)

(B) Evidence - Victim's testimonial reliability - Courts must critically evaluate the sole testimony of the prosecutrix, specifically in cases concerning serious allegations like rape; discrepancies in statements before the magistrate versus court must be reconciled meticulously. (Paras 55, 66)

(C) Legal standards in criminal cases - The burden of proof lies with the prosecution to establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt, especially in sexual offenses, where the presumption of innocence applies to the accused unless proven otherwise. (Paras 63, 66)

Facts of the case:
The appellant was implicated in the kidnapping and rape of a minor on May 28, 2015, based on the victim's testimony. However, subsequent evidence indicated the victim was 17 years old, leading to questions of consent and the prosecution's reliability.

Findings of Court:
The trial court initially convicted the appellant, but upon appeal, the higher court found that the victim was a consenting party, leading to a set-aside of the conviction.

Issues: The credibility of the victim’s testimony regarding her age, consent, and the circumstances of the incident were central to the court's evaluation.

Ratio Decidendi: The appellate court ruled that the trial court erred in its assessment of the evidence, particularly regarding the victim's age and her willingness to accompany the appellant.

Result: Criminal appeal allowed; conviction set aside.

Judgement Key Points

Key Points: - The judgment discusses credibility of the victim’s testimony and discrepancies between statements and medical evidence (!) (!) (!) . - It addresses age determination of the victim as 17 years old via ossification test and Rule 12/Rules under JJ Act for determining age; references to Rule 12 and Rule 12(3) as basis for conclusive age determination (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) . - It emphasizes burden of proof in rape cases, including the presumption of innocence and when presumptions (under POCSO) apply (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) . - It analyzes consent in Section 375 IPC and the elements of rape, including absence of consent, velocity of consent, and coercion or manipulation (!) (!) (!) - (!) . - It notes that the trial court relied on victim’s sole testimony and inconsistencies; discusses when a victim’s statement under 164 Cr.P.C. may or may not be substantive (!) (!) (!) . - It concludes that the conviction is not sustainable and sets aside acquittals; directs release of appellant, reflecting on totality of evidence and age/consent factors (!) (!) (!) (!) . - It cites standards from Jarnail Singh, Vijaya Singh, Kaini Rajan for age and consent considerations and retraction of 164 statements (!) (!) (!) (!) .

What is the sufficiency of evidence to prove consent in a rape/abduction case under IPC sections 366 and 376?

What is the proper approach to determine the age of a minor victim in POCSO cases and the standard of proof required for juvenility?

What are the legal standards for evaluating the credibility of the sole testimony of a prosecutrix in sexual offence trials?


Table of Content
1. facts of kidnapping and subsequent recovery (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7)
2. witness testimony details and credibility concerns (Para 8 , 9 , 10 , 11)
3. procedural guidelines for age determination of victims (Para 21 , 22 , 23)
4. understanding consent in sexual offences (Para 31 , 32 , 33 , 34)
5. legal definition and elements of rape (Para 36 , 37 , 38)
6. legal weight of victim's statements in court (Para 61 , 62 , 63)
7. final judgment and appeal outcome (Para 68 , 69)

JUDGMENT :

ACHAL SACHDEV, J.

1. Heard Sri Abhishek Mayank, learned counsel for the appellant, Sri Vinay Kumar Singh, learned counsel for the informant and Sri Sanjay Singh, learned A.G.A.-I for the State.

2. This criminal appeal has been filed by the appellant against the judgement and order dated 05.09.2019 and sentence order dated 06.09.2019 passed by Special Judge (POCSO), Additional Sessions Judge, Court No.07, District- Jhansi, in Special Sessions Trial No. 41 of 2015 ( State of U.P. Vs. Bhagwat Kushwaha ) arising out of Case Crime No. 64 of 2015, Police Station-Sakrar, District-Jhansi, whereby the appellant has been convicted and sentenced to undergo five years imprisonment and fine of Rs.10,000/- u/s 366 I.P.C. and ten years imprisonment and fine of Rs.20,000/- u/s 376 I.P.C. along with default stipulation.

3. The facts of the case in brief, as per the prosecution case are that on 28.05.2015 at 12:25 pm, a written report was made by the informant Ramswaroop, son of Ghanshyam, resident of village- Luhari, Police Station- Sakrar, District- Jhansi stating that his daughter had gone missing since 3:00 am on 28.05.2015 and then they realized that their daughter had been kidnapped by Bhagwat, son of Munnu Kushwaha, of their village.

4. The police registered a criminal case as Case Crime No. 64 of 2015 dated 28.05.2015 on the basis of the information against the appellant, Bhagwat under Sections 363, 366 and Section 3(2)(v) of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Act (hereinafter referred to as the ‘S.C./S.T. Act’) and commenced investigation.

5. The victim was recovered by the police on 29.05.2015 from Mauranipur railway station by the police and her statement was recorded and medical examination was conducted on 30.05.2015 and ossification test for determination of age was done on 02.06.2015 wherein the victim was found to be aged 17 years. The statement of the victim was recorded before the Magistrate on 04.06.2015. The accused/appellant was arrested on 04.06.2015. The Investigating Officer, after completion of evidence, filed charge-sheet against the accused/appellant under Sections 363, 366 and 376 I.P.C., Section 4 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act (hereinafter referred to as the ‘POCSO Act’) and Section 3(2)(v) of the S.C./S.T. Act.

6. The trial court, after taking cognizance of offences described in the charge-sheet, after giving the appellant an opportunity of being heard, framed charge under Sections 363, 366 and 376 I.P.C., Section 3/4 POCSO Act and Section 3(2)(v) of the S.C./S.T. Act.

7. The prosecution examined 8 witnesses to prove their case and has proved 8 documents in documentary evidence. The list of witnesses examined is as follows :-

8. Their testimony, in brief, is enumerated hereunder –

(i) PW-1 Ramswaroop is the informant of the case and father of the victim. The informant is not an eye witness. The informant, in his evidence before the court, in his examination in chief, has stated that on 28.05.2015, they were sleeping inside their house and their daughter, the victim was also sleeping on rooftop of the house. They were sleeping under neem tree. That at around 3:00 hrs at night, when his wife woke up, she found that their daughter (victim) was missing and she had been taken away by Bhagwat Kushwaha. On a previous occasion as well, the appellant took away his daughter and in relation to that incident, an F.I.R. was registered against him and the case is pending. His wife told him that Bhagwat was seen roam

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