S. ABDUL NAZEER, KRISHNA MURARI
Vijay Kumar Ghai – Appellant
Versus
State Of West Bengal – Respondent
भारतीय दंड संहिता (आईपीसी) में धारा 406 (आपराधिक विश्वासघात) और धारा 420 (धोखाधड़ी) को एक ही मामले में एक साथ लगाना कानूनी रूप से गलत माना जाता है। दोनों अपराधों के मूल तत्व (ingredients) आपस में विरोधाभासी हैं, इसलिए वे एक साथ नहीं चल सकते। नीचे सरल शब्दों में कारण समझाए गए हैं। (!) (!) [1000754470022][1000754470026]
विरोधाभास (mutually exclusive): | धारा 406 | धारा 420 | |---------------------------|---------------------------| | शुरू में विश्वास (entrustment) होता है। | शुरू से धोखा (no trust from beginning)। | | संपत्ति भरोसे पर सौंपी जाती है। | संपत्ति धोखे से निकाली जाती है। | | बेईमानी बाद में आती है। | बेईमानी शुरू से मौजूद। |
अगर शुरू से धोखा था (420), तो विश्वास का सौंपना (entrustment) ही नहीं हो सकता (406 के लिए जरूरी)।
निष्कर्ष: ये दोनों अपराध एक ही लेन-देन में एक साथ नहीं बन सकते, क्योंकि एक में विश्वास की शुरुआत और दूसरे में धोखे की शुरुआत जरूरी है। गलत तरीके से लगाने पर एफआईआर या कार्यवाही रद्द हो सकती है। (!) [1000754470033][1000754470035]
JUDGMENT :
Krishna Murari, J.
Leave granted.
2. This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 01.10.2019 passed by the High Court of Calcutta (hereinafter referred to as “High Court”) in C.R.R No. 731 of 2017 filed by the appellants praying for quashing of proceedings being G.R. Case No. 1221 of 2013 pending before the Court of Learned Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Kolkata and arising out of Bowbazar Police Station Case No. 168 dated 28.03.2013 under Sections 420, 406 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as “IPC”). By the said judgment, the High Court dismissed the prayer for quashing of the proceedings and held that continuance of criminal proceedings against the present appellant/accused would not be an abuse of the process of the court.
3. Brief facts necessary for the disposal of this appeal are as under:
3.1 M/s. Priknit Retails Limited a public limited company having its registered office at BXXV, 539A, 10, Jalandhar, Bye Pass Road, Ludhiana, Punjab was incorporated in the year 2002 and subsequently changed its name to Priknit Apparels in 2007. The company is engaged in the manufacture and trade of apparels through chain of retail stores
V.Y.Jose & Anr. Vs. State of Gujarat & Anr.
Murari Lal Gupta Vs. Gopi Singh
K. Jayaram and Ors. Vs. Bangalore Development Authority & Ors.
Union of India and Ors. Vs. Shantiranjan Sarkar
K. Jagadish Vs. Udaya Kumar G.S. & Anr.
V. Ravi Kumar Vs. State and Ors.
Indian Oil Corporation Vs. NEPC India Ltd. & Ors.
A.V. Mohan Rao & Anr. Vs. M Kishan Rao & Anr.
Union of India & Ors. Vs. Cipla Ltd. & Anr.
Rajiv Bhatia Vs. Govt. of NCT of Delhi and Others
Arathi Bandi v. Bandi Jagadrakshaka Rao & Ors.
World Tanker Carrier Corporation v. SNP Shipping Services Pvt. Ltd. and others
Krishna Lal Chawla & Ors. Vs. State of U.P. & Anr.
T.T. Antony Vs. State of Kerala & Ors.
K. Jayaram and Ors. Vs. Bangalore Development Authority & Ors.
State of Haryana & Ors. Vs. Bhajan Lal & Ors.
R.P. Kapur Vs. State of Punjab
Inder Mohan Goswami & Anr. Vs. State of Uttaranchal & Ors.
Indian Oil Corpn. v NEPC India Ltd. & Ors.
State of Madhya Pradesh Vs. Awadh Kishore Gupta & Ors.
G. Sagar Suri & Anr. Vs. State of UP & Ors.
R.K. Dalmia vs Delhi Administration
Sudhir Shantilal Mehta Vs. CBI
of Prof. R.K. Vijayasarathy & Anr. Vs. Sudha Seetharam & Anr.
Uma Shankar Gopalika Vs. State of Bihar & Anr.
Hridaya Ranjan Prasad Verma & Ors. Vs. State of Bihar & Anr.
[No cases identified as bad law. None of the entries explicitly indicate that any case has been overruled, reversed, abrogated, criticized, questioned, or otherwise treated as bad law. All references show positive or neutral judicial treatment.]
The vast majority of cases (e.g., [MNG Bharateesh Reddy VS Ramesh Ranganathan - 2022 0 Supreme(SC) 1284, M. N. G. Bharateesh Reddy VS Ramesh Ranganathan - 2022 0 Supreme(SC) 1585, Shiela Gupta VS State of U. P. - 2022 0 Supreme(All) 1425, Chandrakant Manilal Mehta VS State Of Gujarat - 2022 0 Supreme(Guj) 1309, Piyush Prabhakar VS State of U. P. - 2022 0 Supreme(All) 1282, Rajkumar Chandrakar v. State of Chhattisgarh - Chhattisgarh (2023), Rajkumar Chandrakar S/o. Late Jagsay Chandrakar VS State of Chhattisgarh, Through Police Station Seepat, Distt. Bilaspur (CG) - 2023 0 Supreme(Chh) 33, Barnabas Milton Queah S/o Lt. Peter Joseph Queah VS State Of Assam - 2023 0 Supreme(Gau) 369, Jagdishbhai Bhogilal Pandya VS State Of Gujarat - 2023 0 Supreme(Guj) 242, Suresh Sahu VS State of Bihar (Now Jharkhand) - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 768, Suresh Sahu VS State of Bihar (Now Jharkhand) - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 69, Sayeed Ahmad VS State of U. P. - 2023 0 Supreme(All) 482, Naurati Lal VS State of Haryana - 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 2596, Sarwan Singh VS Mukesh Chopra - 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 1907, Rohit Sharma vs State of Odisha - 2023 Supreme(Online)(ORI) 15196, Yogeshwar Sood VS State Of Uttar Pradesh Through Its Principal Secretary Home - 2023 0 Supreme(All) 381, Yogeshwar Sood VS State Of Uttar Pradesh Through Its Principal Secretary Home - 2023 0 Supreme(All) 246, Sanjay S/o Suganchand Kasliwal VS State of Maharashtra - 2023 0 Supreme(Bom) 428, MANI C. KAPPAN vs STATE OF KERALA - 2023 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 53896, Mideast Integrated Steels Ltd. (MESCO Steel Ltd. ) VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 19, Prakash Chandra Mohanti VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 18, Prakash Chandra Mohanti @ Prakash Chandra Mohanty VS State of Jharkhand - Crimes (2023), MANI C. KAPPAN S/O CHERIAN J. KAPPAN VS STATE OF KERALA - 2023 0 Supreme(Ker) 296, Pradeep Saran VS State by Represented by Inspector of Police Team – 14, Cyber Crime Cell - 2023 0 Supreme(Mad) 1042, Mahesh Shantilal Parekh VS State of Maharashtra Through Marine Drive Police Station - 2023 0 Supreme(Bom) 156, Ifikhar Khan Salaria VS Station House Officer - 2023 0 Supreme(J&K) 104, Magma Fincorp Ltd. (formerly known as Magma Sharchi Finance Limited) VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 507, Pardeep Gupta VS State of H. P. - 2023 0 Supreme(HP) 220, Sujatha Kancharla VS State of Telangana, Through ACB-CIU, Hyderabad Rep. by its Special Public Prosecutor - 2023 0 Supreme(Telangana) 225, Padmashree Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Limited VS State of Maharashtra - 2023 0 Supreme(Bom) 174, Engineering Projects(India) Limited VS State of Nagaland - 2023 0 Supreme(Gau) 430, Samarendra Kumar Biswas VS State of West Bengal - 2023 0 Supreme(Cal) 444, Deepak S/o Ramdeo Jaiswal VS State of Maharashtra - 2023 0 Supreme(Bom) 667, Prakash S/o Ramdeo Jaiswal VS State of Maharashtra - 2023 0 Supreme(Bom) 669, Gagan Banga VS Samit Mandal - 2023 0 Supreme(SC) 1322, Shrichand Bhau s/o Shri Gulab Rai VS State of Madhya Pradesh through Police Station - Crimes (2023), Shrichand Bhau S/O Gulab Rai VS State of Madhya Pradesh - 2023 0 Supreme(MP) 945, Vijayan, S/o. Madhavan VS State Of Kerala - 2023 0 Supreme(Ker) 450, Gaurav Mamik, Son Of Shri Tej Pratap Mamik VS CSA Corporation Private Limited - 2023 0 Supreme(Gau) 725, Neeraj Shrivastava VS State of Madhya Pradesh - 2023 0 Supreme(MP) 366, Ajit Gulabchand @ Ajit Gulab VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1065, Ashok Kumar Agarwal VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1033, Charanjit Sharma VS State of Punjab - 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 1577, Balfour Manuel VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1095, Angad Kumar Pandey VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1096, Blue Dart Express Limited VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1082, Tulsi Nowlakha Mirchandaney, Daughter of Dhala Daswani VS State of Jharkhand - 2023 0 Supreme(Jhk) 990, Akansha Kannouj, W/o. Shri Amit Kannouj VS State Of Chhattisgarh, Through The District Magistrate - 2023 0 Supreme(Chh) 631, ALOK SINGH S/O. SHRI NAGESHWAR SINGH Vs. STATE OF RAJASTHAN - 2024 Supreme(Online)(RAJ) 27294, Gopal Singh, S/o. Uttam Singh Verma VS State Of Rajasthan - 2024 0 Supreme(Raj) 25, Jay Shri VS State of Rajasthan - 2024 2 Supreme 3, Shashi Bhushan Singh, S/o. Sri Maksudan Singh VS The State of Jharkhand through the Central Bureau of Investigation (C. B. I. ) - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 89, Navin Kumar Rai VS Surendra Singh - 2024 2 Supreme 462, Asit C. Mehta Investment Intermediates Ltd. VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 142, Shailendra Agrawal @ Bunty, S/o. Late Anandram Agrawal VS Shivshankar Agrawal, S/o. Late Shri Madhusudan Agrawal - 2024 0 Supreme(Chh) 395, Jet Knitears Ltd Manufacturers of Exports Quality Undergarments through Director Ankur Narula VS State of Bihar through S. P. Patna, Bihar - 2024 0 Supreme(Pat) 235, Renu Sinha @ Reenu Sinha, wife of late Sunil Kumar Sinha VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 175, Kishore Biyani VS State of U. P. - 2024 0 Supreme(All) 365, Nehru Trophy Boat Race Society, Represented by its Secretary VS Vismaya Ventures (India) Private Ltd. - 2024 0 Supreme(Ker) 202, Jitendra Singh VS State of Rajasthan - 2024 0 Supreme(Raj) 1034, Debapratim Neogie VS State of West Bengal - 2024 0 Supreme(Cal) 157, Debapratim Neogie VS State of West Bengal - Crimes (2024), Sanjay Singha VS State of West Bengal - 2024 0 Supreme(Cal) 214, Surjit Kumar Dhal VS State of Odisha (EOW) - 2024 0 Supreme(Ori) 68, Shiv Kumar Agarwal, S/o Late Kishan Lal Agarwal VS State of Assam - 2024 0 Supreme(Gau) 382, Sheikh Hasnabul Haque VS State of West Bengal - 2024 0 Supreme(Cal) 320, Pawan Kumar Lakhotia, S/o. Rameshwar Lal Lalhotia VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 284, Rahul Agarwal VS State of M. P. - 2024 0 Supreme(MP) 419, Yogesh Kumar Pandey S/o Shri Devanand Pandey VS State Of Chhattisgarh Through The Station House Officer - 2024 0 Supreme(Chh) 210, IN THE MATTER OF M/s. Sterling Holiday Resorts VS State of West Bengal - 2024 0 Supreme(Cal) 1246, Raj Prakash, son of Sashi Mohan Singh VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 308, C. Subbiah @ Kadambur Jayaraj VS Superintendent of Police - 2024 4 Supreme 699, Reckitt Benckiser (India) Private Limited VS Advertising Standards Council of India - 2024 0 Supreme(Mad) 2246, Nishu Gupta, S/o. Shri Umashankar Khandelwal VS State of Rajasthan, Through P. P. - 2024 0 Supreme(Raj) 691, Abhay Kumar @ Abhay Kumar Singh VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 346, SudeepThakore vs Coastal Projects Limited - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Manipur) 78, Arjun Prasad VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 364, Ajay Pratap Singh @ Sudhir VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 376, Hare Gopal @ Hari Gopal Kumhar VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 375, Sunil Kumar Sethi vs State of Manipur represented by the Principal Secretary (Home) - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Manipur) 75, Kritika Kaushik Alias Hanu VS State of U. P. - 2024 0 Supreme(All) 1079, Patel Engineering Limited VS State Of Karnataka - 2024 0 Supreme(Kar) 325, Naveen Agarwal VS State of West Bengal - 2024 0 Supreme(Cal) 899, Chandikant Jha vs State of Madhya Pradesh - 2024 Supreme(Online)(NGT) 4012, Hedge Equities Ltd. VS State of Kerala, Represented by Public Prosecutor, High Court of Kerala, Ernakulam - 2024 0 Supreme(Ker) 931, ABOOBACKER HAJI, JAMEELA vs SUBAIDA, STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 86356, JERRY vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 32381, RAMASUNDARAM CHARUVILAPUTHENVEEDU vs THE STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 86631, RAMASUNDARAM CHARUVILAPUTHENVEEDU vs THE STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 43040, SASI vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 42789, JOSEPH vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 42128, MOHAMMED SAFFI.K.V vs HARIHARAN. P - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 42138, SIBY THOMAS vs THE STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 41876, M. V. V. Satyanarayana S/o Late Ranganayakulu VS State Of Andhra Pradesh - 2024 0 Supreme(AP) 351, MARIYU vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 38971, Chandikant Jha vs State of Madhya Pradesh - 2024 Supreme(Online)(NGT) 4529, Kirti K. Mehta, S/o. Late Sri Kantilal Mehta VS State of Karnataka, By Sampigehalli Police Station, Represented By State Public Prosecutor High Court of Karnataka - 2024 0 Supreme(Kar) 525, RASHEED vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 33781, RASHEED vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 40224, GEORGEKUTTY MATHAI vs ANITHA P B ARGUS INDUSTRIES - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 90837, SHEELA THOMAS vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 34056, BINET GEORGE vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 39770, JIO MATHEW vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 35064, JIO MATHEW vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 91057, RAPPAI vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 35065, RAJESH NARAYANAN@ PAVANAN vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 39426, Damodar Das Singhal vs State Of Madhya Pradesh - 2024 0 Supreme(MP) 835, ABOOBACKER vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 35393, P.S.SINDHU vs STATE OF KERALA - 2024 Supreme(Online)(KER) 36564, Chandikant Jha vs State of Madhya Pradesh - 2024 Supreme(Online)(NGT) 4924, Kondapalli Dasarath vs The State of Telangana - 2024 Supreme(Online)(TEL) 22570, A1 to A3 vs Respondent No.2 - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Tel) 44923, Ravindra Kumar Goyal, son of Madan Lal Goyal VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 881, Dinesh Kumar Mathur VS State Of M. P. - 2025 1 Supreme 49, Dinesh Kumar Mathur v. State of MP - 2025 Supreme(Online)(SC) 111440, Abhinandan Dyeing Pvt. Ltd. VS State of West Bengal - 2025 0 Supreme(Cal) 8, Rajeev Agarwal VS Rahul Harlalkar - 2025 0 Supreme(Cal) 26, Chandikant Jha vs The State of Madhya Pradesh through its Chief Secretary - 2025 Supreme(Online)(NGT) 2023, Tanmay Pathak S/o Sh. Ramesh Chand Pathak vs State of Rajasthan through the Public Prosecutor - 2025 0 Supreme(Raj) 2152, Chandikant Jha vs The State of Madhya Pradesh - 2025 Supreme(Online)(NGT) 815, Chevron Inc. VS State of Madhya Pradesh - 2025 0 Supreme(MP) 104, R. Karpura Sundara Pandian vs State Rep. by the Inspector of Police - 2025 0 Supreme(Mad) 3385, R.karpura Sundara Pandian Vs State Rep By The Inspector Of Police - 2025 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 12392, State Rep. by Inspector of Police vs G. Senthilkumar - 2025 0 Supreme(Mad) 3378, State Represented By, Inspector Of Police Vs G.senthilkumar - 2025 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 12390, Mustt Tara Banu W/o- Yusuf Ali Miya vs State Of Assam - 2025 0 Supreme(Gau) 139, Chandikant Jha S/o Shri Vijay Kumar Jha vs The State of Madhya Pradesh through its Chief Secretary - 2025 Supreme(Online)(NGT) 1863, Rikhab Birani VS State Of Uttar Pradesh - 2025 5 Supreme 224, Laiq Ram vs State of H.P. - 2025 0 Supreme(HP) 449, RAMIAH SAMBANDAM vs THE STATE OF KARNATAKA BY CYBER CRIME PS - 2025 Supreme(Online)(Kar) 9050, KURIACHAN CHACKO vs STATE OF KERALA - 2025 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 25138, Satish Choudhary vs State of West Bengal - 2025 0 Supreme(Cal) 504, Heenaben - D/o Ghanshyambhai Thakkar vs State Of Gujarat - 2025 0 Supreme(Guj) 1260, RAZIYA FAZAL vs STATE OF KERALA - 2025 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 46596, Pravin Maske @ Pravin Maske, son of Sri Rajhans Maske vs State of Jharkhand - 2025 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1766, Ravikumar Rajendraprasad, S/o Rajendra Prasad vs Biofi Medical Healthcare India Pvt.Ltd. - 2025 0 Supreme(Kar) 1197, Rajlakshmi Syam vs State of West Bengal - 2025 0 Supreme(Cal) 838, K.Poopathy vs The State - 2025 Supreme(Online)(Mad) 67949, NISHAD MATHEW vs STATE OF KERALA - Kerala (2025), Syed Tarique Alam s/o – Syed Mahmood vs State of Jharkhand - 2025 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1584, Lakhan Lal Sahu Son of Late Harakh Sahu vs State of Jharkhand - 2025 0 Supreme(Jhk) 1537, D. Mohammed Javed, S/o. D. Hussain Sab vs State Of Karnataka, Through Brucepet Police Station, Represented By State Public Prosecutor - 2025 0 Supreme(Kar) 2459, Deepak Sarawagi vs State of Jharkhand - 2026 0 Supreme(Jhk) 304, Aditya Khemka vs State of Jharkhand - 2026 0 Supreme(Jhk) 346, Pradyut Samanta vs The State of West Bengal & Another - 2026 Supreme(Online)(Cal) 478, M/S YASH WORLD HABITAT AND PROJECTS PVT. LTD. vs STATE OF KARNATAKA - 2026 Supreme(Online)(Kar) 6648, Amar Nath Ray vs State Of Jharkhand - 2026 0 Supreme(Jhk) 250, Umesh Govind Revankar @ Umesh Govind Ravankar vs State of Jharkhand - 2026 0 Supreme(Jhk) 353, Ramdular Singh vs State of U.P. - 2026 0 Supreme(All) 324) overwhelmingly reference "Vijay Kumar Ghai v. State of West Bengal, (2022) 7 SCC 124" (and minor variants) as a controlling precedent. These entries use language such as "held that", "reiterated in", "relied upon", "followed", "observations of the Hon'ble Supreme Court", "fortified in taking such a view", "buttress his argument", "in identical circumstances", "apposite to refer", and direct quotes from its paragraphs (e.g., para 16, 24, 25, 28, 31-40, 38). This indicates consistent positive treatment as good law on topics like entrustment for criminal breach of trust (Sections 405/406 IPC), intent for cheating (Section 420 IPC), quashing proceedings for civil disputes, second FIRs, and forum shopping.]
[Shailendra Agrawal @ Bunty, S/o. Late Anandram Agrawal VS Shivshankar Agrawal, S/o. Late Shri Madhusudan Agrawal - 2024 0 Supreme(Chh) 395: Explicitly states "Decision relied upon by learned counsel for applicant in case of Vijay Kumar Ghai (supra) is distinguishable of facts." This is the only clear instance of distinction based on factual differences.]
[Rohit Sharma vs State of Odisha - 2023 Supreme(Online)(ORI) 15196: Describes a prior judgment (not named) as "referred to in Vijay Kumar Ghai case", indicating neutral or positive referencing without further qualification.]
[K. Jagadish VS Udaya Kumar G. S. - 2020 0 Supreme(SC) 434, R. P. Kapur VS State Of Punjab - 1960 0 Supreme(SC) 94, Hridaya Ranjan Pd. Verma VS State Of Bihar - 2000 3 Supreme 13, State Of M. P. VS Awadh Kishore Gupta - 2004 2 Supreme 501, R K VIJAYASARATHY VS SUDHA SEETHARAM - 2019 0 Supreme(SC) 168, K. Jayaram VS Bangalore Development Authority - 2022 4 Supreme 249, V. Ravi Kumar VS State, Rep. by Inspector of Police, District Crime Branch, Salem, Tamil Nadu - 2018 0 Supreme(SC) 1255, World Tanker Carrier Corporation VS Snp Shipping Services Private LTD. - 1998 4 Supreme 309, Indian Oil Corporation VS NEPC India LTD. - 2006 6 Supreme 66, A. V. Mohan Rao VS M. Kishan Rao - 2002 5 Supreme 8, Vesa Holdings P. Ltd. VS State of Kerala - 2015 3 Supreme 247, Sudhir Shantilal Mehta VS C. B. I. - 2009 0 Supreme(SC) 1425, Rajiv Bhatia VS Government Of Nct Of Delhi - 1999 7 Supreme 561, Union of India VS Cipla Ltd. : Martin & Harris Laboratories Ltd. - 2016 8 Supreme 13, G. Sagar Suri VS State Of U. P - 2000 1 Supreme 322: These appear to be standalone summaries of legal principles or other cases (e.g., State of Haryana v. Bhajan Lal implied, or cases on CrPC s.482, cheating ingredients, judicial review). They lack explicit treatment indicators like "followed", "overruled", or citations linking them to subsequent cases in the list. No context shows how they are treated by Vijay Kumar Ghai or others; they seem cited alongside it (e.g., Naurati Lal VS State of Haryana - 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 2596, Renu Sinha @ Reenu Sinha, wife of late Sunil Kumar Sinha VS State of Jharkhand - 2024 0 Supreme(Jhk) 175). Categorized as uncertain due to absence of clear treatment language.]
Login now and unlock free premium legal research
Login to SupremeToday AI and access free legal analysis, AI highlights, and smart tools.
Login
now!
India’s Legal research and Law Firm App, Download now!
Copyright © 2023 Vikas Info Solution Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved.