SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
SURYA KANT, J.B. PARDIWALA, JJ.
Sumitha Pradeep - Appellant
Versus
Arun Kumar C.K & Anr. - Respondents
Criminal Appeal No.1834 of 2022 (@Petition for Special Leave to Appeal (Crl.) No.7188 of 2022)
Decided on : 21-10-2022
Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 – Section 438 – Protection of Children under Sexual Offences Act, 2012 – Section 29 – Anticipatory bail – Grant of – Case registered under Sections 354A(1)(i),(ii) & (iv), 354 A-(2) and 354-A(3) of IPC read with Sections 7, 8, 9 and 11 of POCSO Act, 2012 – Custodial interrogation can be one of grounds to decline anticipatory bail – However, even if custodial interrogation is not required or necessitated, by itself, cannot be a ground to grant anticipatory bail – Accused is Maternal Uncle of victim girl – In a case containing such serious allegations, High Court ought not to have exercised its jurisdiction in granting protection against arrest, as Investigating Officer deserves free-hand to take investigation to its logical conclusion – Custodial interrogation can be one of relevant aspects to be considered along with other grounds while deciding application seeking anticipatory bail – There may be many cases in which custodial interrogation of accused may not be required, but that does not mean that prima facie case against accused should be ignored or overlooked and he should be granted anticipatory bail – Order passed by High Court granting anticipatory bail to Respondent No. 1 set aside. (Paras 12, 17, 18 and 19)
Facts of the case:
Appellant is aggrieved by the Order dated 2572022 passed by High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam, whereby Respondent No.1 has been granted protection of anticipatory bail in Crime Case registered under Sections 354A(1)(i),(ii) & (iv), 354 A(2) and 354A(3) of the Indian Penal Code read with Sections 7, 8, 9 and 11 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. Victim was an excellent student giving good performances both in curricular and co-curricular activities but incident traumatized her to an extent that she slumped down in her course and performance. She was taken to counselling but did not open up. The victim was taken for second counselling session and at that time, she disclosed the unfortunate incident, she had faced from her maternal uncle.
Findings of Court:
Even without aid of Section 29 of POCSO Act, High Court committed a serious error in exercising its discretion in favour of the respondent No. 1 herein (original accused) while granting anticipatory bail.
Result : Appeal allowed.
The legal document discusses the principles related to the grant of anticipatory bail in cases involving serious allegations, particularly under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, and the Indian Penal Code. The key points are as follows:
Custodial Interrogation as a Consideration: While custodial interrogation can be a relevant factor in deciding whether to grant anticipatory bail, it is not an absolute requirement. The absence of a need for custodial interrogation alone cannot be a sufficient ground for granting anticipatory bail (!) (!) (!) .
Importance of Prima Facie Case: The existence of a prima facie case against the accused is a primary consideration. Even if custodial interrogation is not necessary, the court must not ignore the strength of the evidence or the seriousness of the allegations when deciding on anticipatory bail (!) (!) .
Nature and Severity of Offense: The gravity of the offense and the potential punishment are significant factors. Serious crimes, especially those involving minors or sexual offenses, warrant careful scrutiny and generally discourage granting anticipatory bail (!) (!) .
Role of Legislative Provisions: Specific provisions, such as those in the relevant legislation that presume guilt or require the court to consider certain factors (e.g., Section 29 of the relevant Act), influence the decision-making process. However, these provisions do not override the need for a balanced assessment of the case's facts and circumstances (!) (!) .
Judicial Discretion and Error: Courts must exercise their discretion judiciously, especially in cases with grave allegations. Erroneous exercise of discretion, such as granting anticipatory bail in cases involving serious charges without adequate consideration of the facts, can be set aside on appeal (!) (!) .
Impact of Evidence and Statements: Statements of victims, especially minors, and supporting evidence play a crucial role in establishing the prima facie case. The credibility and details of such evidence are vital in assessing whether bail should be granted or denied (!) (!) (!) .
Legislative and Judicial Guidance: The decision emphasizes that the law guides the process, but the specific facts, the nature of the allegations, and the evidence must be carefully evaluated. The courts should avoid unwarranted observations that diminish the gravity of the allegations or undermine the investigative process (!) (!) (!) .
In summary, while anticipatory bail is a discretionary remedy, its grant in serious criminal cases, especially involving minors and sexual offenses, requires careful balancing of the evidence, the nature of the offense, and the need for effective investigation. The courts must ensure that their decisions do not hinder justice or the investigative process.
ORDER :
1. Leave granted.
2. The appellant is the mother of the victim who is a 12 years old girl child.
3. The appellant is aggrieved by the Order dated 25-7-2022 passed by the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam, whereby Respondent No.1 has been granted protection of anticipatory bail in Crime No.442 of 2022 dated 27-5-2022 registered at Police Station Meenangadi District Wayanad under Sections 354A(1)(i),(ii) & (iv), 354 A-(2) and 354-A(3) of the Indian Penal Code read with Sections 7, 8, 9 and 11 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (for short, ‘POCSO Act’). The occurrence allegedly took place on 14-12-2021 when Respondent No.1 is alleged to have sexually assaulted his 12 years old niece. The allegations are that Respondent No.1 asked the victim to sit on his lap and thereafter he hugged her and kissed her on the cheeks and tried to kiss her on her lips. He further attempted to disrobe the victim and made lewd comments. The victim was an excellent student giving good performances both in curricular and co-curricular activities but the incident traumatized her to an extent that she slumped down in her course and performance. She was taken to counselling but did not open up. The victim was taken for second counselling session and at that time, she disclosed the unfortunate incident, she had faced from her maternal uncle, namely, Respondent No.1. Thereafter, the subject First Information Report was immediately registered; medical examination was conducted and Statement of the victim under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 was recorded. Apprehending his arrest, Respondent No.1 approached the learned Sessions Court but was declined anticipatory bail.
4. Thereafter, Respondent No.1 approached the High Court and vide impugned Order dated 25-7-2022, the said Court granted him conditional anticipatory bail on the following terms:
“12. Accordingly, I allow this application subject to the following conditions:
(a) Petitioner shall appear before the Investigating Officer from 9 am to 6 pm on 29.07.2022, 30.07.2022, 01.08.2022 and 02.08.2022 and shall subject himself to interrogation.
(b) If after interrogation, the investigating Officer proposes to arrest the petitioner, then he shall be released on bail on him executing a bond for Rs.50,000/- (Rupees fifty thousand only) with two solvent sureties each for the like sum before the Investigating Officer.
(c) Petitioner shall appear before the Investigating Officer as and when required and shall also cooperate with the investigation.
(d) Petitioner shall not intimidate or attempt to influence the witnesses; nor shall he tamper with the evidence or
xx xx xx xx;
(e) xxxxxxxx
(f) xx xx xx”
5. The mother of the victim child being aggrieved has approached this Court.
6. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and gone through the record.
7. The Special Judge, Sessions Division, Kalpetta, Wayanad, while declining to grant anticipatory bail as prayed for by the respondent No 1 herein (original accused) vide order dated of 4th July, 2022 passed in Criminal Miscellaneous Case No. 512 of 2022, observed as under :
“7. A careful perusal of the case diary shows that there are sufficient reasons to suspect that the sexual abuse as alleged by the prosecution has taken place at the instance of the petitioner. The perpetrator is none other than a close relative of the victim, i.e., her maternal uncle. Statements of the victim given to the police as well as to the learned Magistrate disclose the fact that the incident took place in the house of the petitioner while the victim and her mother paid a visit and stayed there for some days. The statements also show that the incident occurred in the bedroom of the petitioner while none else was there. Bedroom of the petitioner is situated up the stairs of the house. All other inmates were in the down stair portion of the house at the relevant time. Statements also show that the petitioner attempted to disrobe the victim, made her
[No cases identified as bad law. None of the entries contain keywords or phrases indicating that any case has been overruled, reversed, abrogated, criticized, or questioned. All references suggest positive or neutral judicial treatment.]
[The vast majority of cases reference "Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar C.K." (also appearing as variations like "Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar C.K.", "Sumita Pradeep V. Arun Kumar C.K.", "Sumitha Pradeed v. Arun Kumar C.K.", and cited as (2022) 17 SCC 391 or 2022 (5) KLT OnLine 1239 (SC)) positively, indicating it has been followed or approved in subsequent decisions. Examples include:
Shamsher Singh VS State of Haryana - 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 2384: "The Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of 'Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar C.K." – Direct reference to the Supreme Court case as authority.
Suresh K. M. VS State Of Kerala, Represented By Public Prosecutor, High Court Of Kerala - 2023 0 Supreme(Ker) 489: "[see Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar" – Cited as supporting "Custodial interrogation can only be one of the grounds for declining anticipatory bail".
Suresh K. M VS State Of Kerala - 2023 0 Supreme(Ker) 605: Identical to above, "[see Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar".
Abhishek Sharma @ Abhi Sharma VS State of Punjab - 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 3377: "as observed by Hon'ble Supreme Court in Sumitha Pradeep v." – Explicitly observes the holding as authoritative on anticipatory bail grounds.
REKHA S/O MADHUKAR MANKAR @ REKHA WD/O VILAS GHODE vs THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA THROUGH ITS PSO PS SHEGAON GRAMIN TQ SHEGAON DIST. BULDHANA AND ANOTHER - 2024 Supreme(Online)(Bom) 5552: "Learned APP placed reliance on Sumitha Pradeep Vrs. Arun Kumar C." – Reliance placed on the case for bail principles.
Prabhat Sharma S/o Shishu Pal Sharma Vs State Of Karnataka By Cen Police Station - 2025 Supreme(Online)(KAR) 1520: "In Sumita Pradeep V. Arun Kumar C.K. ... (2022) 17 SCC 391" – Listed under "Bail Principles" as clarifying anticipatory bail considerations.
State of Andhra Pradesh VS N. Sanjay - 2025 0 Supreme(SC) 1768: "In Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar C K , (2022) 17 SCC 391, it was held:" and "As held by this Court in Sumitha Pradeep v." – Quotes and holds the case as binding precedent.
Raju Verma vs State of NCT of Delhi - 2025 0 Supreme(Del) 565: "In Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar C.K." – Direct citation.
Pawan Khera S/o H. L. Khera vs State of Assam Represented By The Learned PP, Assam - 2026 Supreme(Online)(Gau) 9730: "Arun Kumar C.K. and Anr., reported in (2022) 17 SCC 391" and "a judgment of the Hon’ble Supreme Court that was delivered in Sumitha Pradeep v." – Relied upon as Supreme Court authority.
Pawan Khera S/o H. L. Khera vs State of Assam Represented By The Learned PP, Assam - 2026 Supreme(Online)(Gau) 9730: Identical to Pawan Khera S/o H. L. Khera vs State of Assam Represented By The Learned PP, Assam - 2026 Supreme(Online)(Gau) 9730.
These consistent citations as "Hon'ble Supreme Court", "held by this Court", "reliance on", "as observed by", and direct quoting of holdings on anticipatory bail and custodial interrogation demonstrate the case is followed or approved.]
[Kabir Jitendra Tejwani vs State of Gujarat - 2025 0 Supreme(Guj) 881: "The gravity of allegations involving a minor necessitates custodial interrogation..." – No explicit reference to or treatment of any other case; stands alone as a statement of principle. Categorized here as it lacks treatment indicators.
Nitin Ramesh Garje vs State of Maharashtra - 2025 0 Supreme(Bom) 1024: "Arun Kumar C.K. and Another ," – Incomplete fragment referencing a case name but no treatment language or context provided.
Satyanarayan VS State of Haryana - 2024 0 Supreme(P&H) 1079: References "The Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of 'Sumitha Pradeep v. Arun Kumar C.K." alongside factual details about deposits and parties, but no explicit holding or treatment signal beyond naming it.
Madan Lal VS State of Haryana - 2024 0 Supreme(P&H) 1003: Similar to above, references the case alongside factual details about a vehicle and parties, but no clear treatment language.
Joy VS State of Kerala - 2019 0 Supreme(Ker) 125: Discusses POCSO Act principles and guarding against misuse, with no citations to or treatment of specific cases in the list.]
[No cases with truly unclear treatment. All entries either clearly follow/approve (primarily Sumitha Pradeep variations), provide insufficient context for treatment analysis (placed in uncited_or_contextual), or are self-contained statements without cross-references. No ambiguity requiring separate noting beyond categorization.]
.
The severity of allegations and the necessity of custodial interrogation are crucial factors in determining the grant of anticipatory bail.
Law of bail deals with two complicating interests, i.e. societal interest to cure hazards of crime and to avoid repeating of the same and on the other hand principle of criminal jurisprudence referri....
Point of Law : Power under section 438 is an important tool for court to protect personal liberty of persons, which is one of fundamental rights guaranteed under Constitution of India.
The voluntary nature of the victim's actions and the absence of allegations of forcible sexual intercourse by the accused influenced the court's decision to grant anticipatory bail.
Anticipatory bail should only be granted in exceptional circumstances; the seriousness of the allegations and need for investigation justifies denial of bail.
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