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2025 2 Supreme 592 : A legal representative or transferee who is brought on record during the pendency of a suit continues to represent the interest of the original party until the execution of the decree. This is supported by the principle that a transferee pendente lite, though not arrayed as a party, is still a person claiming under the defendant and is entitled to seek leave to appeal against the final decree passed against the transferor. The law recognizes that such a transferee is bound by the proceedings and the result of the litigation, even if unrepresented, and that the right to be brought on record under Section 146 of the CPC is a beneficent provision to advance justice. The continuation of representation is valid until the decree is executed, as the transferee''''s interest remains subservient to the pending litigation and the decree is enforceable against the transferee or assignee of the judgment-debtor regardless of when the transfer occurred.Checking relevance for Usha Sinha VS Dina Ram...

2008 2 Supreme 710 : A legal representative brought on record during the pendency of a suit continues to represent the party until the execution of the decree. This is implied by the court''''s consistent application of Order XXI, Rule 102 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, which bars transferees of judgment debtors from resisting execution of a decree passed during the pendency of litigation. The court emphasizes that once a person becomes a transferee pendente lite (during the pendency of the suit), they are bound by the outcome of the suit and cannot resist execution of the decree. The principle ensures that a decree holder can realize the fruits of the decree without obstruction from those who acquired interest in the property while litigation was ongoing. The court further clarifies that such transferees, even if they later file their own suit, cannot use the pendency of their suit as a shield against execution of an earlier valid decree. Thus, representation by a legal representative remains effective throughout the process, including during execution, unless formally withdrawn or replaced.Checking relevance for Raj Kumar VS Sardari Lal...

2004 1 Supreme 532 : A legal representative brought on record during the pendency of a suit continues to represent the interest of the party until the execution of the decree. This is supported by the principle that a lis pendens transferee, though not formally brought on record under Order 22 Rule 10 of the CPC, is treated as a representative-in-interest of the judgment debtor and remains bound by the decree. Furthermore, Section 146 of the CPC allows proceedings to be taken by or against any person claiming under a party, which includes a transferee pendente lite. Such a person, even if not formally on record, retains the right to move applications (e.g., under Order 9 Rule 13) to set aside an ex-parte decree, and their representative status continues until the decree is executed. The law recognizes that the transferee''''s interest is protected throughout the litigation and execution process, ensuring continuity of representation.Checking relevance for KIRPAL KAUR VS JITENDER PAL SINGH...

2015 6 Supreme 415 : Under Order XXII, Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, when there is a devolution of interest during the pendency of a suit, the suit may be continued by or against the person upon whom the interest has devolved only with the leave of the court. However, if no such application is made for leave, the suit may still be continued with the original party, and the person upon whom the interest has devolved will be bound by and can have the benefit of the decree. This means that a legal representative brought on record during the pendency of a suit continues to represent the interest until the execution of the decree, even if they do not formally seek leave to be brought on record, provided the original party continues to represent the suit. The principle is that the suit is not abated and the devolution of interest does not automatically terminate the proceedings, but the person acquiring the interest is bound by the decree and may benefit from it without needing to formally intervene, as long as the suit proceeds with the original party.Checking relevance for Smt. Santosh Awasthi Vs. Smt. Urmila Jain...

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Madan Lal Suryawanshi vs Tara Devi - Delhi (2022)

: The legal representative brought on record during the pendency of a suit continues to represent the party until the execution of the decree. This is supported by the court''''s emphasis on the continuity of representation in execution proceedings, particularly where the original party (e.g., the decree holder) dies during the pendency of execution. The court held that the legal heirs of the deceased decree holder, even if they were not initially aware of the execution proceedings, could be allowed to substitute in the proceedings despite delay, as the legal representative''''s role persists until the decree is fully executed. The court stressed that execution proceedings require a different, more flexible approach than original proceedings, and that technicalities should not impede substantial justice. The continuity of representation is implied in the court''''s recognition that the legal representative''''s status remains valid until the decree is executed, especially when the original party dies and the heirs step in to continue the process.

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  • Legal representatives during the pendency of a suit or execution proceedings can be brought on record at any time, even after the initial period prescribed, and their absence does not necessarily lead to abatement of the proceedings. The courts recognize that the normal suit principles requiring timely substitution of legal heirs are not strictly applicable in execution cases ["2024 0 Supreme(AP) 1530"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(P&H) 1270"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(Mad) 2442"].

  • In execution proceedings, the death of a decree holder or judgment debtor does not automatically cause the proceedings to abate, provided that legal representatives are brought on record within a reasonable period or at any time thereafter. The legal representatives' right to come on record is protected, and their absence does not invalidate the proceedings or the decree ["2024 0 Supreme(AP) 1530"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(P&H) 1270"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(Mad) 2442"]; ["2025 0 Supreme(Pat) 231"].

  • Courts have emphasized that if a legal representative is not brought on record within a prescribed time (e.g., 90 days), the proceedings do not automatically abate; instead, the legal representatives can be brought on record later, and the proceedings can continue ["2024 0 Supreme(AP) 1530"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(P&H) 1270"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(Mad) 2442"]; ["1944 0 Supreme(Mad) 244"].

  • The principle that legal representatives must be brought on record within a specific period to prevent abatement applies mainly to suits, not strictly to execution proceedings. In execution, the legal representatives' late appearance is generally permitted, and proceedings remain valid ["2024 0 Supreme(AP) 1530"]; ["2025 0 Supreme(All) 3712"]; ["2025 0 Supreme(Pat) 231"].

  • When legal representatives are properly brought on record, they are entitled to continue the execution of decrees, and the decree remains binding on them. The courts also recognize that failure to bring them on record timely does not necessarily invalidate the decree or execution, especially if the legal representatives were aware of the proceedings ["2007 0 Supreme(AP) 1237"]; ["1944 0 Supreme(Mad) 244"]; ["2022 0 Supreme(AP) 386"].

  • In cases of dispute over who is the legal representative, the court must determine this before proceeding further. Once established, the legal representative can be substituted into proceedings, and the estate of the deceased is considered represented ["2026 Supreme(Online)(Ker) 267"]; ["JAI BHAGWAN GUPTA vs MADAN LAL - Uttarakhand"].

  • Courts also note that legal representatives who come into court during execution proceedings do so in their representative capacity and cannot question the validity of the original decree unless they were unaware of the proceedings or intentionally failed to appear ["1949 0 Supreme(Kar) 7"]; ["1970 Supreme(Online)(Bom) 1"].

  • The law and judicial precedents affirm that the continued presence of legal representatives in proceedings is essential for the execution to be valid, but their late inclusion does not automatically cause abatement or invalidate the process, provided the court allows their substitution or appearance at any stage ["1937 0 Supreme(Mad) 102"]; ["1937 0 Supreme(Mad) 103"].

Analysis and Conclusion:The primary insight from the sources is that during the pendency of a suit or execution proceedings, the legal representative of a deceased party can be brought on record at any time, and their late inclusion does not necessarily lead to abatement of proceedings or invalidity of decrees. Courts consistently uphold the rights of legal heirs to participate in ongoing proceedings, emphasizing that the legal representative’s presence is crucial for the continuation of execution but that their delayed substitution is permissible and does not vitiate the process. Therefore, a legal representative who is brought on record during the pendency of a suit or execution continues to hold the right to pursue or defend the case until the conclusion of the decree or its execution ["2024 0 Supreme(AP) 1530"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(P&H) 1270"]; ["2024 0 Supreme(Mad) 2442"]; ["2025 0 Supreme(Pat) 231"].

Does a Legal Representative Recorded During Suit Pendency Continue Until Decree Execution?

Does a Legal Representative Brought on Record During Suit Pendency Continue Till Decree Execution?

In civil litigation, the death or transfer of interest of a party mid-suit can complicate proceedings. A common query arises: does a legal representative brought on record during the pendency of a suit continue till the execution of the decree? This question touches on core principles of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), 1908, particularly Order XXII, and underscores the balance between procedural continuity and judicial oversight.

Understanding this ensures parties, lawyers, and heirs navigate suits without unnecessary abatement or exclusion. This post breaks down the legal position, precedents, and practical insights.

The Core Legal Question

Legal representative brought on record during pendency of suit continues till execution of decree.

This issue frequently arises when a party dies or transfers interest, prompting substitution under Order XXII Rules 3, 4, or 10 CPC. The short answer: generally yes, subject to court discretion.

Main Legal Finding

A legal representative brought on record during the pendency of a suit typically retains authority to continue proceedings and participate in decree execution. They step into the shoes of the original party as a representative-in-interest, remaining a proper party until execution concludes, unless the court exercises discretion to alter this status. 2015 6 Supreme 415

The law recognizes that a person claiming under a party during the pendency of a suit can continue proceedings and seek enforcement of the decree, with judicial discretion playing a vital role. 2015 6 Supreme 415

This principle promotes suit continuity, preventing multiplicity of proceedings.

Key Principles Under CPC

Authority During Pendency of Suit

Under Order XXII Rule 10 CPC, courts may grant leave to bring a transferee or legal heir on record during pendency. Once recorded:- They can continue the suit.- Participate in appeals.- Engage in execution. 2015 6 Supreme 415

Even without formal Order XXII Rule 10 application, such representatives may seek to set aside ex-parte decrees or join execution. 2004 1 Supreme 532

Continuation Till Execution of Decree

The status persists beyond decree till full execution. Courts hold it does not terminate automatically at suit end. 2015 6 Supreme 415

Related amendments, like to Order XXII Rule 4, prevent abatement against deceased defendants, allowing suits to proceed with decrees binding on legal representatives (LRs). LRs can challenge if unaware, but rights are protected. 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 1753

The amendment to Order XXII Rule 4 of the CPC aims to ensure the continuation and culmination of effective adjudication and to prevent the proceedings from coming to an end summarily due to the death. 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 270

In one case, suit dismissal against a deceased defendant for non-impleadment of LRs was set aside; proceedings continued as if defendant alive. 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 270

Judicial Discretion's Role

Courts wield discretion judiciously. Factors include:- Whether the representative is a proper party.- Prejudice or delay risk.- Interest of justice. 2025 2 Supreme 592

The court held that a representative-in-interest remains a proper party until the conclusion of the execution process unless the court exercises its discretion to remove or alter that status, and such discretion must be exercised judiciously. 2025 2 Supreme 592

For instance, in appeals, Section 146 CPC protects interests of those claiming under pendency parties, extending to execution. Sm. Saila Bala Dassi case exemplifies this. 2025 2 Supreme 592

Judicial Precedents and Case Insights

Supreme Court and High Courts affirm: transferees or LRs retain participation rights unless ordered otherwise. 2025 2 Supreme 592

  • Transferee in Appeal: A property transferee from defendant during suit sought record at appeal; Order XXII Rule 10 discretion applies. 2025 0 Supreme(Ori) 916

  • Abatement Risks: Decrees risk invalidity without LRs; fate depends on them. Courts set aside if LRs prove unawareness. 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 1753

  • Execution Specifics: Decree-holder's LR may join anytime post-death.

    JAI BHAGWAN GUPTA vs MADAN LAL

However, exemptions like Section 60(1)(ccc) CPC for judgment debtor's house don't extend to LRs; inherited property attachable. 1993 0 Supreme(P&H) 789

The exemption from attachment and sale under Section 60(1)(ccc) of the Code of Civil Procedure is available only to the judgment debtor and not to his legal representatives. 1993 0 Supreme(P&H) 789

In partition suits, LRs brought under Order XXII Rule 4 represent deceased. 2010 0 Supreme(AP) 257

Abatement in appeals occurs if indivisible decree and LRs not substituted, abating entirely. 2012 0 Supreme(Bom) 564

Exceptions and Limitations

The right isn't absolute:- Court exclusion if improper party or prejudicial. 2025 2 Supreme 592- Procedural lapses (e.g., no substitution application) may bar. - Minors attaining majority: suit proceeds via guardian unless elected otherwise. 2010 0 Supreme(AP) 257- Adverse possession or title claims by LRs may alter dynamics. 1999 0 Supreme(AP) 7

In eviction or possession suits, LRs contest as heirs. 1990 0 Supreme(Bom) 216

Practical Recommendations

  • For Parties: Promptly apply for substitution/leave under Order XXII to avoid abatement.
  • Courts: Exercise discretion judiciously, favoring continuity unless prejudice evident.
  • In Execution: LRs should assert rights early; decrees bind unless challenged validly.

Consult procedural rules meticulously.

Key Takeaways

  • Legal representatives on record during suit pendency generally continue till decree execution. 2015 6 Supreme 415
  • Judicial discretion balances continuity and justice. 2025 2 Supreme 592
  • Amendments curb abatement, protecting proceedings. 2023 0 Supreme(P&H) 270
  • Exceptions apply for procedural non-compliance or specific exemptions.

This is general information based on precedents; outcomes vary by facts. Seek professional legal advice for your case. Not legal advice.

#LegalRepresentative #CPCOrderXXII #DecreeExecution
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