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2025 Supreme(SC) 668

ABHAY S. OKA, PANKAJ MITHAL
Larsen and Toubro Limited – Appellant
Versus
Puri Construction Pvt. Ltd. – Respondent


Advocates appeared:
For the Appellant(s) : Mr. Krishnan Venugopal, Sr. Adv. Mr. Abhimanyu Bhandari, Sr. Adv. Ms. Rooh-e-hina Dua, AOR Ms. Shreya Arora, Adv. Mr. Sameer Parekh, Adv. Mr. Sumit Goel, Adv. Ms. Sreeparna Basak, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Thakral, Adv. Mr. Jayant Bajaj, Adv. Mr. Ishan Nagar, Adv.
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Sameer Parekh, Adv. Mr. Sumit Goel, Adv. Ms. Sreeparna Basak, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Thakral, Adv. Mr. Jayant Bajaj, Adv. Mr. Ishan Nagar, Adv. For M/S. Parekh & Co., AOR Mr. M. R. Shamshad, Sr. Adv. Mr. Shashank Singh, AOR Mr. Aditya Samaddar,Adv. Mr. Arijit Sarkar, Adv. Ms. Zeb Hasan, Adv. Ms. Prapti Shrivastava, Adv.

Judgement Key Points

Based on the provided legal document, here are the key points:

  • Case Details: The case involves Larsen and Toubro Limited (Appellant) versus Puri Construction Pvt. Ltd. and Others (Respondents), decided by the Supreme Court of India on 21-04-2025 regarding Civil Appeals Nos. 2575-2578 of 2016, etc. (!)
  • Core Findings: The Court upheld the findings of economic duress and fundamental breach of contract, while setting aside the arbitral tribunal's quantification of damages due to lack of proper evidence. (!)
  • Legal Acts Referred: The judgment refers to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (Sections 16, 11, 28(1)(a), 34, 37), Civil Procedure Code (Section 96), Contract Act (Sections 16(3), 73), and Income Tax Act (Section 37(i)). (!)
  • Validity of Supplementary Agreement: The Court affirmed that the Supplementary Agreement was vitiated by economic duress and remained a "non-starter" because the conditions precedent (such as replacing bank guarantees and payment of EDC) were not fulfilled by L&T. (!) (!)
  • Fundamental Breach: The Court upheld the finding that L&T committed a fundamental breach of the Development Agreement by abandoning the project and failing to commence construction or pay EDC, justifying PCL's termination of the contract. (!) (!)
  • Damages and Compensation: The Court set aside the award of damages (Rs. 35 crores), compensation for title deeds (Rs. 75 crores), and compensation for non-return of licenses (Rs. 5 crores) because they were based on L&T's own valuation without independent evidence of actual loss. (!) (!) (!)
  • Indemnity Relief: The Court set aside the award directing L&T to indemnify PCL for ITCREF's claims (Rs. 50 crores), ruling that such losses were not reasonably foreseeable and thus not recoverable under the agreement. (!) (!)
  • Permanent Injunction: The Court upheld the permanent injunction against L&T, restraining them from interfering with PCL's development rights over the property. (!)
  • Costs: The award of arbitration costs in favor of PCL (Rs. 30 lakhs) was confirmed by the Court. (!)
  • Title Deeds: The Court directed that the title deeds deposited with the Registrar of the High Court be released to PCL. (!)
  • Judicial Restraint: The Court emphasized that courts cannot modify arbitral awards under Section 34 or Section 37 and criticized the tendency of counsel to treat these proceedings as regular appeals under Section 96 of the CPC, urging restraint in arguments. (!) (!)

JUDGMENT :

ABHAY S. OKA, J.

FACTUAL ASPECTS

1. These appeals arise out of the judgment and order dated 30th April, 2015, passed by the Division Bench of Delhi High Court on the appeals preferred under Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (for short, ‘the Arbitration Act’). The appeals before the Division Bench were preferred against the judgment dated 26th November, 2008 of the learned Single Judge in a petition under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act by which the award of the Arbitral Tribunal was set aside. The Division Bench, by the impugned judgment, has disagreed with some of the findings recorded by the learned Single Judge. To that extent, the appeals preferred by Puri Construction Private Limited and Mohinder Puri have been allowed. The appeal by Larsen and Toubro Limited was dismissed. However, the Division Bench observed that the parties are left to pursue the appropriate course of actions under law.

2. In these appeals, we are concerned with a company, Puri Construction Limited and its sister concerns (collectively referred to as ‘PCL’). We are also concerned with another company, Larsen and Toubro Limited (hereafter referred to as ‘L&T’). PCL was in poss

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