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2025 Supreme(Del) 348

IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
Mini Pushkarna, J.
M/S M I Textiles Pte Ltd. - Appellant
Versus
M/S T T Ltd. & Anr. - Respondents
RFA 131 of 2015, CM APPL. 3794 of 2015 & CM APPL. 1117 of 2016
Decided On : 01-09-2025

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant : Mr. J.H. Jafri and Mr. Rajesh Kumar, Advs.
For the Respondent: Mr. Mukul Raao and Ms. Anju, Advs., Ms. Padmapriya, Mr. Shikhar Bhardwaj and Mr. Rishabh Sancheti,

The appellant's failure to present evidence does not exempt contractual obligations; timely fulfillment is crucial in commercial contracts, and discrepancies must be addressed effectively and timely to invoke non-acceptance.

Headnote:(A) Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Order XLI Rule 27 - Contractual Liability - Irrevocable Letter of Credit - Discrepancies in Shipping Documents - Appellant failed to present evidence against decreed liability - Appeal against judgment awarding compensation of Rs. 789,840/- with interest - Court emphasized the importance of timely action in contractual obligations. (Paras 1-2, 26, 40, 58).

(B) Evidence - The appellant’s failure to lead evidence does not equate to negligence by the counsel - Closure of right to lead evidence upheld by the court. (Paras 6.1-6.12, 53).

Facts of the case:
The appellant, engaged in international trading, challenged a decree for non-payment arising from discrepancies in shipping documents related to a third export order, where the appellant ultimately canceled the order citing delays. The Trial Court awarded the final plaintiff a sum based on losses incurred.

Findings of Court:
Appeal dismissed; the plaintiff entitled to recover the decreed amount. The contract between the parties was independent of discrepancies raised by the bank.

Issues: 1) Whether the discrepancies justifiably released the appellant from their contractual obligations? 2) Determination of time as essence of the contract.

Ratio Decidendi: Time is not fundamental unless explicitly stated; the appellant waived the right to assert time was of the essence through conduct; mere discrepancies in documents do not absolve contractual liability if the party did not act upon them in a timely manner.

Result: Appeal dismissed.

Table of Content
1. background of the case and salient facts. (Para 1 , 2 , 5)
2. overview of arguments in appeal. (Para 6)
3. court's observations and standard of review. (Para 7 , 8 , 9)
4. details of contractual terms and agreements. (Para 10 , 11 , 12)
5. legal principles on delivery and acceptance in contracts. (Para 21 , 22 , 23)
6. standard of proof and burden in litigation. (Para 24 , 25 , 26)
7. court's reasoning on waiver and conduct of plaintiff. (Para 27 , 28 , 29 , 30)
8. principles regarding time as essence in contracts. (Para 31 , 32 , 33)
9. conclusion regarding delays and proposed remedies. (Para 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38)
10. final observations on evidence and judicial discretion. (Para 39 , 40 , 41 , 42)
11. final conclusions and dismissal of appeal. (Para 43 , 44 , 45)

JUDGMENT :

Mini Pushkarna, J.

1. By way of this Regular First Appeal, the appellant/defendant no. 1/importer, has assailed the judgment and decree dated 22nd March, 2014 (“impugned judgment”), passed by the Additional District Judge-10 (Central), Tis Hazari Courts, Delhi in Suit No. 144/2009, titled as “M/s. T.T. Limited Versus M/s. M. I. Textiles Pte. Ltd. and Anr.”. The said suit had been filed by the respondent no. 1/plaintiff/exporter, seeking recovery of Rs.11,80,245/-, along with interest, jointly and severally from the appellant and respondent no. 2/defendant no. 2.

2. The Trial Court, vide the impugned judgment, decreed the suit in favour of the respondent no. 1 and against the appellant, for a sum of Rs. 7,89,840/-, with interest @ 12% per annum from 01st September, 2004 till the penultimate day of filing of the suit. Additionally, further interest was awarded in favour of respondent no. 1 on the aforesaid amount from the date of filing the suit till realization, @ 12% per annum. The suit was, however, dismissed against respondent no. 2.

3. During the pendency of the present appeal, the appellant also filed an application, being CM APPL. 3794/2015 under Order XLI Rule 27, read with Section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (“CPC”), seeking permission to produce additional evidence by recalling Shri Sunil Kumar Mahnot (PW 1) for his cross-examination. There is further prayer to permit the appellant to lead defence evidence.

4. In pursuance of the order dated 15th January, 2016 of this Court, wherein, it was directed that the application, being CM APPL. 3794/2015, would be taken up at the time of hearing of the appeal, the said application shall also be decided by way of the present judgment.

5. The facts, leading to filing of the present appeal, are as follows:

5.1 The appellant is a company incorporated under the laws of Singapore and is, inter alia, engaged in the business of international trading of cotton, textiles and other items. The respondent no. 1 is a company registered under the Companies Act, 1956, and is the owner of 100% export oriented spinning mills, carrying on the business of manufacturing, trading, exporting hosiery, yarn, fabrics, textiles, etc.

5.2 The appellant had placed an order for 20,000 kgs @US $ 3.20 per kg of 100% Cotton Fabric NE 26/1 Combed Hosiery Rib Fabric Dia 30 Inches, Gauge 18, Stitch Length 2.7' with respondent no. 1, with 10% plus/minus allowed in quantity and value. For the said order, the appellant got issued a Letter of Credit bearing No. LCF040162 (“LoC”) dated 01 st March, 2004, for a total value of US $55,890 from the Connaught Place, New Delhi branch of the respondent no. 2 bank, i.e., the Indian Overseas Bank/issuing bank.

5.3 An additional order was placed by a representative of the appellant on respondent no.1 for supply of 8500 kgs @US $3.52 per kg of „100% Cotton Fabric NE 38/1 Combed Hosiery Interlock Grey Knitted Fabric Dia 30” Gauge 23' and 1496.88 kg @US $3.22 per kg of „NE 38/1 Combed Hosiery Waxed Cotton Yarn - 33 Cartons x 45.36 kg, Total - 1x20' FCL', with 10% plus/minus allowed in quantity and value. Accordingly, the LoC was amended to increase the amount of credit thereunder from US $55,890

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