ORDER :- This and the two companion writ petitions challenge the constitutional validity of the U. P. Government Estates Thekedari Abolition Act, 1958, and seek to quash the notification dated June 30, 1966, issued by the State Government under Sec. 3 of that Act, determining the lease held by the petitioners.

2. The material and the relevant facts and the questions which arise for determination are common in all the three writ petitions. They can be disposed of by a common judgment. The earliest of them, namely, G. S. Chooramani v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (Civil Misc. Writ No. 3043 of 1966) is treated as the leading case.

3. The Government of Uttar Pradesh owned many villages in the area known as Tarai and Bhabar in the district of Naini Tal. The Tarai and Bhabar area was undeveloped, covered with dense forest and infested with wild animals. The State Government was anxious to develop this area by settling tenants thereon and introducing stable cultivation. It offered attractive terms and facilities to persons who were prepared to invest capital and effect improvement in it. The Government of Uttar Pradesh agreed to lease plots of land totalling 1188.82 acres situate in two village

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