2019 Supreme(MP) 112

HIGH COURT OF MADHYA PRADESH
(LARGER BENCH)
S. K. Seth, CJ, R. S. Jha, Smt. Nandita Dubey, Rajeev Kumar Dubey and Sanjay Dwivedi, JJ.
Rajkumar Sahu v. State of M. P. & others
Writ Petition No. 20831 of 2018 and others (Jabalpur);
Decided on 18.3.2019

Headnote:(1) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- R.53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- proceedings for imposition of penalty and confiscation -- are validly enacted -- not in conflict with, but are in addition to and are apart from the provisions of criminal prosecution and punishment of offender indulging in illegal extraction or transportation of mineral as contemplated and provided under IPC, Forest Act, Wild Life (Protection) Act, M. P. Van Upaj (Vyapar Viniyaman) Adhiniyam, M. P. Land Revenue Code, or any other statutory provisions that provide for penalty and forfeiture in such cases. (2014)9 SCC 772, (2016)3 SCC 183, (1985)4 SCC 573, (2002)1 SCC 495, (2004)4 SCC 448 and (2017)14 SCC 502 followed. AIR 1995 MP 1 relied on. 2018(4) MPLJ 771 affirmed. 2018 (3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018(4) MPLJ 193 (FB) 2018 MPLJ Online 6 referred to. [Paras 8 to 11

       (2) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- R.53(2) and 53(3) (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- Constitution of India -- Art. 14 -- discretion to pass orders of forfeiture or discharge -- whether per se violative of Art. 14 of the Constitution -- mere possibility of abuse and arbitrary exercise of discretion vested in an authority cannot be a ground to invalidate it -- where discretion is vested in an authority, no assumption or presumption can be drawn that it would be exercised arbitrarily or discriminately -- more so as action taken by the authority in exercise of discretion can be assailed and subjected to judicial review -- provisions conferring discretion cannot be found fault with. 2018(3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018(4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled. AIR 1986 SC 1323, 1989 Supp. SCC 744, (2006)8 SCC 613, In Re the Special Courts Bill, 1978 (1979)1 SCC 380 and (2016)5 SCC 1 followed. [Para 19

       (3) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017), 57 and 58 -- exercise of discretionary powers conferred upon competent authority under R.53 (2) and 53(3) -- is subject to appeal and revision under Rr. 57 and 58 -- cannot be held to be unguided, uncontrolled or discriminatory. AIR 1956 SC 676, (1974)4 SCC 43, AIR 1960 SC 424 and (2014)4 SCC 329 followed. 2018(3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018(4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled. [Para 23

       (4) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- deposit of penalty before permitting discharge -- pre-condition of deposit relates to and applies only to those cases where authority takes a decision to discharge seized goods, vehicle, material, etc. and does not apply to or relate to cases where an order of forfeiture is passed. 2018(3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018 (4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled. [Para 29

       (5) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- "illegal mining", "illegal transportation", "necessary evidence", "opportunity of hearing", "determine" i.e. taking an "appropriate decision", "unauthorized extraction and transportation" -- are all terms having definite connotation and meaning -- no vagueness or confusion in the definitive meaning of these terms which emphatically guide and regulate exercise of discretion conferred upon competent authority while passing orders of forfeiture. (1994)2 SCC 691 followed. [Para 31

       (6) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- while taking decision to either forfeit or discharge, authority can also take into consideration all relevant factors like manner of commission of illegal extraction and transportation, number of times that violator has indulged in the same, value and type of minerals involved, its quantity, area or place from which illegal extraction or transportation is undertaken, provisions of Act and Rules defining illegal mining and illegal transportation, violation of other statutory provisions

       -- this list is only illustrative and not exhaustive -- these and other factors are all relevant guiding factors -- these factors would differ from case to case and, therefore, entitle authority to pass order of forfeiture in one case and discharge in another. [Paras 32 & 33

       (7) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- order of forfeiture or discharge -- would depend on facts and various factors involved in a particular case -- orders in each case could and would necessarily be different -- therefore, discretion to pass different orders in each case has rightly been conferred upon competent authority -- power or discretion to take "appropriate decision" inherently and necessarily bestows and carries with it the power to take a decision for or against a person -- cannot be said to be uncanalised or controlled only on this ground, specially where it is guided and prompted by several guiding principles and factors. [Para 33

       (8) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M.P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- power vested in competent authority under R.53(2) and 53 (3) regarding forfeiture and discharge -- scheme of R. 53 read and understood in the backdrop of Rules of 1996, Rules of 2006 and MMDR Act as well as the detailed procedure for search, seizure and investigation, opportunity of hearing and taking an appropriate decision -- manifestly clear that there are sufficient and adequate safeguards and guidelines contained in the Rules for exercising discretion vested in competent authority -- same cannot be said to be uncontrolled, unguided and unfettered -- even if such guidelines had been absent in R. 53 of Rules of 1996, the fact that order passed by competent authority was and is subject to appeal and revision, is in itself sufficient and adequate safeguard against arbitrary exercise of discretionary powers. [Paras 35 & 36

       (9) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- Rr. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- R. 53 (2) and 53 (3) nowhere states or requires that order of forfeiture can be passed only in cases where penalty under R. 53 (1) is imposed -- the two powers, i.e. of penalty and forfeiture, are distinct and can be exercised collectively or individually in appropriate cases -- orders imposing penalty and forfeiture can be passed simultaneously, collectively or in isolation depending upon facts of each case.

       Held : As a consequence thereof, it is held that the power of forfeiture/confiscation can be exercised by the competent authority as and when it takes an appropriate decision in this regard under rule 53 (2) or 53 (3) irrespective of the fact that the contravention is made by the defaulter for the first time. In other words, the power of forfeiture vested in the competent authority under rules 52(2) and 52(3) can be exercised in isolation, simultaneously or collectively with the power to impose penalty and would not depend upon payment of penalty by the offender and that even in cases where the offender pays the penalty imposed upon him under Rule 53 (1) the competent authority has the power and would be competent to pass orders of forfeiture and that the said power is not circumscribed by the provision of or the fact of payment of penalty. (1973)3 SCC 428, (1984)4 SCC 612 and (2009)16 SCC 208 distinguished. 2018 (3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018 (4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled.

       (10) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- R.53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- forfeiture -- only two exceptions and relaxations carved out in R.53 (3) (b) proviso and R. 53 (6) where forfeiture may not be ordered in the first and fourth instance, respectively -- in other words, except in respect of cases falling under R. 53(3) (b) proviso and R.53 (6), forfeiture can be ordered even in the first instance or violation of Rules.

       Held : We are also of the considered opinion that in view of the clear language of the Rules, forfeiture under rule 53 (2) and 53 (3) can be ordered even in case of first instance of violation by the violator and the conclusion to the contrary recorded by the Full Bench in the case of Nitesh Rathore (supra), is hereby overruled. It goes without saying that the power to order forfeiture would be subject to the provisions of Rule 53 itself, namely, exception and relaxation that have been mentioned in the proviso to rule 53 (3) (b) and Rule 53 (6), depending upon the facts of each case. Nitesh Rathore 2018 (3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018 (4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled.

        [Paras 42 & 52

       (11) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- R.53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- interpretation -- provision of R. 53 is apparently meant to act as a deterrent for those indulging in illegal extraction or transportation of minerals -- in case liberal approach and interpretation is upheld, it would encourage, instead of preventing, violators to continue to indulge in illegal extraction and transportation of mineral by repeatedly paying small amount of penalty -- this would defeat the very purpose and object of the Rules. 2018 (3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018 (4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled. [Paras 43 & 44

       (12) Interpretation of Statutes -- words clear, plain and ambiguous -- susceptible to only one meaning -- Courts are bound to give effect to that meaning irrespective of consequences -- Court cannot adopt any other construction even on the ground that such construction is more in line with the policy of the Act. [Para 45

       (13) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M. P.) -- R.53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- not permissible or possible to read the words "only in cases where penalty is not paid" in the provision relating to forfeiture -- that would amount to reframing the Rules, which is not permissible or possible. [Para 46

       (14) Interpretation of Statutes -- Court has no power to legislate -- words can be read into a statute only in cases of obvious drafting errors, that too only after abundantly making sure about intent and purpose of statute or provision in question -- departure from the rule of literal construction by adding or reading words into statute can only be resorted to in exceptional circumstances where not doing so would deprive the provision, as it exists, of all meaning or render certain provisions redundant and otiose -- reading of the words "into a statute" can be done by adopting the mischief rule or purposive construction only when there is no doubt about the purpose and object which the law-makers intended to achieve. Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice G. P. Singh (14th Edition) relied on. [Para 46

       (15) Minor Mineral Rules, 1996 (M.P.) -- R. 53 (as inserted and amended by notification dated 18.5.2017) -- language clear and unambiguous -- clearly provides for only two instances of relaxation to general rule of forfeiture that are specifically mentioned in R.53(3) (b) proviso and R.53 (6) -- no further words can be read into the Rules -- conclusion recorded by Full Bench in 2018 (3) JLJ ?? that benefit of default on first three occasions provided to those transporting mineral in excess of quantity mentioned in transit pass under R. 53(3) (b) is also available even to those who are transporting mineral without any transit pass, is apparently erroneous and contrary to unambiguous and clear provisions of R.53(3) (b) -- Full Bench could not have read the words "only in case penalty is not paid" into R.53 (2) and 53(3) (b) as it has changed the meaning of the Rules and rendered certain provisions otiose and redundant, and has resulted in defeating the very purpose and object of the Rules. 2018(3) JLJ 599 = 2018(2) RN 266 = 2018(4) MPLJ 193 (FB) overruled. [Paras 47 to 49

        ¼1½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad 18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var% LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && 'kkfLr ds vf/kjksi.k rFkk vf/kgj.k dh dk;Zokfg;k¡ && fof/kekU;r% vf/kfu;fer gSa && [kfut ds voS/k fu"d"kZ.k ;k ifjogu esa lafyIr vijk/kh ds nkafMd vfHk;kstu ,oa naM ds fy, naM lafgrk] ou vf/kfu;e] oU; tho ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] e-iz- ou mit ¼O;kikj fofu;eu½ vfèkfu;e] e-iz- Hkw&jktLo lafgrk] vFkok ,sls ekeyksa esa 'kkfLr ,oa vfèkgj.k ds fy, mica/k djus okys vU; fdUgha Hkh dkuwuh mica/kksa esa ;Fkk vuq/;kr vkSj micafèkr mica/kksa ds izfrdwy ugha gSa] vfirq muds vfrfjDr vkSj muls i`Fkd gSaA ¼2014½9 ,l lh lh 772] ¼2016½3 ,l lh lh 183] ¼1985½4 ,l lh lh 573] ¼2002½1 ,l lh lh 495] ¼2004½4 ,l lh lh 448 rFkk ¼2017½14 ,l lh lh 502 vuqlfjrA , vkb vkj 1995 e-iz- voyafcrA 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 771 vfHkiq"VA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ izHksfnrA 2018 ,e ih ,y ts vkWuykbu 6 fufnZ"VA ¼iSjk 8 ls 11

       ¼2½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53¼2½ rFkk 53¼3½ ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad 18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq-14 && vf/kgj.k vFkok mUekspu ds vkns'k ikfjr djus dk foosdkf/kdkj && Lor% lafo/kku ds vuq-14 ds vfrØe.k esa gS ;k ugha && izkf/kdkjh esa fufgr foosdkfèkdkj ds iz;ksx esa nq#i;ksx vkSj euekuh dh laHkkouk ek=] mls vfof/kekU; Bgjkus dk vk/kkj ugha gks ldrh && tgk¡ izkf/kdkjh esa foosdkf/kdkj fufgr gS ogk¡ ,slh dksbZ /kkj.kk ;k mi/kkj.kk ugha dh tk ldrh fd mldk iz;ksx euekuh ls vFkok HksnHkkoiwoZd fd;k tk,xk && rc vkSj Hkh tc foosdkf/kdkj ds iz;ksx esa izkfèkdkjh }kjk dh xbZ dkjZokbZ vk{ksfir dh tk ldrh gS vkSj mldk U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gS && foosdkf/kdkj iznÙk djus okys mica/kksa esa nks"k ughaA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA , vkb vkj 1986 ,l lh 1323] 1989 lIyh- ,l lh lh 744] ¼2006½8 ,l lh lh 613] ¼1979½1 ,l lh lh 380 rFkk ¼2016½5 ,l lh lh 1 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 19

       ¼3½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½] 57 rFkk 58 && fu-53¼2½ rFkk 53¼3½ ds v/khu l{ke vf/kdkjh dks iznÙk oSosfdd 'kfä dk iz;ksx && fu-57 rFkk 58 ds vèkhu vihy rFkk iqujh{k.k ds v/;/khu gS && vfofu;fer] vfu;af=r vFkok foHksndkjh vfHkfu/kkZfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA , vkb vkj 1956 ,l lh 676] ¼1974½4 ,l lh lh 43] , vkb vkj 1960 ,l lh 424 rFkk ¼2014½4 ,l lh lh 329 vuqlfjrA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA ¼iSjk 23

       ¼4½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && mUekspu dh vuqKk fn, tkus ds iwoZ 'kkfLr dk fu{ksi && fu{ksi dh iwoZ&'krZ dsoy mu ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr gS vkSj ogk¡ ykxw gksrh gS tgk¡ izkf/kdkjh vfHkx`ghr eky] ;ku] lkexzh] vkfn mUeksfpr djus dk fofuf'p; djrk gS] rFkk mu ekeyksa dks ykxw ;k muls lacaf/kr ugha gS tgk¡ vfèkgj.k dk vkns'k ikfjr fd;k tkrk gSA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA ¼iSjk 29

       ¼5½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && ßvoS/k [kuuÞ] ßvoS/k ifjoguÞ] ßvko';d lk{;Þ] ßlquokbZ dk voljÞ] ßvo/kkfjr djukÞ vFkkZr~ ßleqfpr fofu'p;Þ djuk] ßvizkf/kÑr fu"d"kZ.k vkSj ifjoguÞ && fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk vkSj vFkZ okys in gSa && vf/kgj.k ds vkns'k ikfjr djrs le; l{ke izkf/kdkjh dks iznÙk foosdkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx izHkkoh :i ls fu;af=r vkSj fofu;fer djus okys bu inksa ds fu'pk;d vFkZ esa dksbZ vLi"Vrk ;k Hkzkafr ugha gSA ¼1994½2 ,l lh lh 691 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 31

       ¼6½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && vf/kgj.k vFkok mUekspu djus dk fofu'p; djrs le; izkf/kdkjh voS/k fu"d"kZ.k vkSj ifjogu fd, tkus dh jhfr] vfrØked }kjk ,slk fdruh ckj fd;k x;k] varoZfyr [kfutksa dk ewY; vkSj izdkj] mldh ek=k] ftl LFkku ;k LFky ls voS/k fu"d"kZ.k ;k ifjogu fd;k x;k] voS/k [kuu vkSj voS/k ifjogu ifjHkkf"kr djus okys vf/kfu;eksa vkSj fu;eksa ds mica/kksa] vU; dkuwuh mica/kksa ds vfrØe.k tSls leLr lqlaxr dkjdksa ij Hkh fopkj dj ldrk gS && ;g lwph dsoy n`"Vkar Lo:i gS] iw.kZ ugha && ;g rFkk vU; dkjd] lHkh lqlaxr ekxZn'kZd dkjd gSa && ;g dkjd izR;sd ekeys esa fHkUu gksaxs] blfy, izkf/kdkjh ,d ekeys esa mUekspu dk rFkk fdlh vU; ekeys esa vf/kgj.k dk vkns'k ikfjr djus dk gdnkj gSA ¼iSjk 32 ,oa 33

       ¼7½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad 18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && vf/kgj.k vFkok mUekspu dk vkns'k && fdlh fof'k"V ekeys esa varoZfyr rF;ksa rFkk fofHkUu dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djsxk

       && izR;sd ekeys esa vkns'k fHkUu gks ldrs gSa vkSj gksaxs gh && vr% l{ke izkfèkdkjh dks izR;sd ekeys esa fHkUu vkns'k ikfjr djus dk foosdkf/kdkj Bhd gh iznÙk fd;k x;k gS && ßleqfpr fofu'p;Þ djus dh 'kfDr vFkok foosdkf/kdkj varfuZfgr :i ls rFkk vko';drk% fdlh O;fDr ds i{k esa ;k mlds fo#) fofu'p;u djus dh 'kfDr iznÙk vkSj ogu djrs gSa && ek= bl vk/kkj ij mUgsa fn'kkghu vFkok vfu;af=r ugha dgk tk ldrk] fo'ks"kr% tgk¡ og vusd ekxZn'kZd fl)karksa vkSj dkjdksa ls fofu;fer vkSj izsfjr gSaA ¼iSjk 33

       ¼8½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && fu-53¼2½ rFkk 53¼3½ ds v/khu l{ke izkf/kdkjh esa fufgr vf/kgj.k rFkk mUekspu ls lacaf/kr 'kfDr && 1996 ds fu;eksa] 2006 ds fu;eksa rFkk [kku vkSj [kfut ¼fodkl vkSj fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e ds lkFk gh ryk'kh] vfHkxzg.k vkSj vUos"k.k dh foLr`r izfØ;k] lquokbZ dk volj rFkk leqfpr fofu'p; fd, tkus dh i`"BHkwfe esa fu-53 dh ;kstuk dk v/;;u djus rFkk le>us ij && izdV :i ls Li"V gS fd l{ke izkf/kdkjh esa fufgr foosdkfèkdkj ds iz;ksx gsrq fu;eksa esa i;kZIr vkSj ;Fkk ;ksX; j{kksik; vkSj ekxZn'kZu varfoZ"V gS && mls vfu;af=r] vfofu;fer vkSj fujadq'k ugha dgk tk ldrk && 1996 ds fu;eksa ds fu-53 esa ,slk ekxZn'kZu ugha gksrk rc Hkh] ;g rF; Lo;a fd l{ke izkf/kdkjh }kjk ikfjr vkns'k vihy rFkk iqujh{k.k ds v/;/khu Fkk vkSj gS] oSosfdd 'kfä ds euekus iz;ksx ds fo#) i;kZIr vkSj ;Fkk;ksX; j{kksik; gSA ¼iSjk 35 ,oa 36

       ¼9½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad 18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && fu-53¼2½ rFkk 53¼3½ esa dgha Hkh ;g dfFkr ;k visf{kr ugha gS fd vf/kgj.k dk vkns'k dsoy mu ekeyksa esa ikfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ fu-53¼1½ ds v/khu 'kkfLr vf/kjksfir dh xbZ gS && nksuksa 'kfä;k¡] vFkkZr~ 'kkfLr vkSj vf/kgj.k dh] lqfHkUu gSa rFkk mUgsa leqfpr ekeyksa esa ,d&lkFk vFkok i`Fkd&i`Fkd~ iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS && izR;sd ekeys ds rF;ksa ds vuqlkj] 'kkfLr vf/kjksfir djus rFkk vf/kgj.k ds vkns'k lelkef;d :i ls] lkewfgd :i ls vFkok ,dkdh :i ls ikfjr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

       vfHkfu/kkZfjr% ifj.kkeLo:i] vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd tc dHkh l{ke izkf/kdkjh fu;e 53¼2½ vFkok 53¼3½ ds v/khu bl ckjs esa leqfpr fofu'p;u djrk gS] mlds }kjk vf/kgj.k@tCrh dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx bl rF; ls fujis{k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd O;frØeh }kjk mYya?ku izFke ckj fd;k x;k gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] fu;e 52¼2½ rFkk 52¼3½ ds v/khu l{ke izkfèkdkjh esa fufgr vf/kgj.k dh 'kfä ,dkdh :i ls] 'kkfLr vfèkjksfir djus dh 'kfä ds lkFk lelkef;d :i ls vFkok lkewfgd :i ls iz;qDr dh tk ldrh gS rFkk og vijk/kh }kjk 'kkfLr ds lank; ij fuHkZj ugha gksxh rFkk ;g fd mu ekeyksa esa Hkh tgk¡ vijk/kh fu;e 53¼1½ ds v/khu ml ij vf/kjksfir 'kkfLr lank; dj nsrk gS] l{ke izkf/kdkjh dks 'kfä gS rFkk og vf/kgj.k ds vkns'k ikfjr djus ds fy, l{ke gksxk rFkk ;g fd mä 'kfDr 'kkfLr ds lank; ds mica/k ;k rF; ls ifjlhfer ugha gSA ¼1973½3 ,l lh lh 428] ¼1984½4 ,l lh lh 612 rFkk ¼2009½16 ,l lh lh 208 izHksfnrA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA

       ¼10½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && fu-53¼3½¼[k½ ijarqd rFkk fu- 53¼6½ esa dsoy nks viokn vkSj NwV of.kZr fd, x, gSa tgk¡ Øe'k% izFke vkSj prqFkZ ?kVuk esa vf/kgj.k vknsf'kr ugha fd;k tk,xk && vU; 'kCnksa esa] fu-53¼3½¼[k½ ijarqd rFkk fu-53¼6½ ds v/khu vkus okys ekeyksa ds flok;] izFke ?kVuk vFkok fu;eksa ds vfrØe.k esa Hkh vf/kgj.k vknsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

       vfHkfu/kkZfjr % gekjh ;g Hkh lqfopkfjr jk; gS fd fu;eksa dh Li"V Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls] vfrØked }kjk vfrØe.k dh izFke ?kVuk dh n'kk esa Hkh fu;e 53¼2½ rFkk 53¼3½ ds v/khu vf/kgj.k vknsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk iw.kZ U;k;ihB }kjk furs'k jkBkSj ¼iwoksZä½ ds ekeys esa blds izfrdwy vfHkfyf[kr fu"d"kZ ,rn~}kjk myVk tkrk gSA ;g dguk vko';d ugha gS fd vf/kgj.k vknsf'kr djus dh 'kfä] izR;sd ekeys ds rF;ksa ds vuqlkj] Lo;a fu;e 53 ds mica/kksa] vFkkZr~ fu;e 53¼3½¼[k½ ds ijarqd vkSj fu;e 53¼6½ esa mfYyf[kr viokn vkSj NwV ds v/;/khu gksxhA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA ¼iSjk 42 ,oa 52

       ¼11½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½&&fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && fuoZpu && fu-53 dk mica/k izdVr% muds fy, Hk;ijfrdkjh ds :i esa vk'kf;r gS tks [kfutksa ds voS/k fu"d"kZ.k ;k ifjogu esa lafyIr gS && mnkj :[k vkSj fuoZpu ekU; fd, tkus dh n'kk esa vfrØked] fuokfjr gksus ds LFkku ij] 'kkfLr dh NksVh jde ckj&ckj lanÙk dj [kfut ds voS/k fu"d"kZ.k vkSj ifjogu esa lafyIr cus jgus ds fy, izksRlkfgr gksaxs && blls fu;eksa dk iz;kstu vkSj mís'; gh foQy gks tk,xkA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA ¼iSjk 43 ,oa 44

       ¼12½ fof/k dk fuoZpu && 'kCn Li"V] lknk vkSj vlafnX/k && dsoy ,d vFkZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS && U;k;ky;] ifj.kke ij /;ku fn, fcuk] ml vFkZ dks izHkkoh djus ds fy, vkc) gSa && U;k;ky; bl vk/kkj ij Hkh vU; dksbZ vFkkZUo;u ugha viuk ldrs fd ,slk vFkkZUo;u vf/kfu;e dh uhfr ds vf/kd vuqdwy gSA ¼iSjk 45

       ¼13½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad

       18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && vf/kgj.k esa lacaf/kr mica/k esa 'kCn ßdsoy mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ 'kkfLr lanÙk ugha dh xbZ gSÞ i<+s tkuk vuqKs; ;k laHko ugha && ;g fu;eksa dh iqufoZjpuk dh dksfV esa vk,xk] tks vuqKs; ;k laHko ughaA ¼iSjk 46

       ¼14½ fof/k dk fuoZpu && U;k;ky; dks fo/kku cukus dh 'kfDr ugha gS && fdlh dkuwu esa ¼vfrfjDr½ 'kCn izk:i.k dh Li"V xyrh ds ekeyksa esa gh i<+s tk ldrs gSa] og Hkh iz'uxr dkuwu ;k mica/k ds vk'k; vkSj iz;kstu ds ckjs esa izpqjrkiwoZd lqfuf'pr djus ds i'pkr~ && dkuwu esa 'kCn tksM+dj ;k ¼vfrfjDr 'kCn½ i<+dj 'kkfCnd vFkkZUo;u ds fu;e ls fopyu dk vkJ; dsoy vkiokfnd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fy;k tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ ,slk ugha djus ls ;Fkkfo|eku mica/k vFkZghu gks tk,xk ;k dfri; mica/k vuko';d vkSj fujFkZd gks tk,¡xs && fjf"V fu;e vFkok iz;kstuijd vFkkZUo;u viuk dj fdlh ßdkwuu esaÞ ¼vfrfjDr½ 'kCn dsoy rc i<+s tk ldrs gSa tc fof/k&fuekZrkvksa ds vfHk"V iz;kstu vkSj mís'; ds ckjs esa dksbZ lansg ugha gksA U;k- th-ih- flag Ñr fizfUliy vkWQ LVSP;wVjh bUVjfizVs'ku ¼14ok¡ laLdj.k½ voyafcrA ¼iSjk 46

       ¼15½ xkS.k [kfut fu;e] 1996 ¼e-iz-½ && fu-53 ¼vf/klwpuk fnukad 18-5-2017 }kjk ;Fkk var%LFkkfir rFkk la'kksf/kr½ && Hkk"kk Li"V vkSj vlafnX/k && vfèkgj.k ds lkekU; fu;e ls NwV dh dsoy nks ?kVukvksa ds fy, Li"V mica/k fd;k x;k gS tks fu-53¼3½ ¼[k½ ijarqd rFkk fu-53¼6½ esa fofufnZ"Vr% mfYyf[kr gSa && fu;eksa esa blds vfrfjDr 'kCn ugha i<+s tk ldrs && iw.kZ U;k;ihB }kjk 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 esa vfHkfyf[kr fu"d"kZ fd fu-53¼3½¼[k½ ds v/khu vfHkogu ikl esa mfYyf[kr ek=k ls vf/kd [kfut ifjogu djus okyksa dks izFke rhu voljksa ij fn;k tkus okyk O;frØe dk Qk;nk mUgsa Hkh miyC/k gS tks vfHkogu ikl ds fcuk gh [kfut dk ifjogu dj jgs gSa] izdVr% xyr gS rFkk fu-53¼3½¼[k½ ds vlafnX/k vkSj Li"V mica/kksa ds izfrdwy gS && iw.kZ U;k;ihB }kjk fu-53¼2½ rFkk 53¼3½¼[k½ esa 'kCn ßdsoy mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ 'kkfLr lanÙk ugha dh xbZ gSÞ i<+s ugha tk ldrs Fks D;ksafd mlls fu;eksa dk vFkZ ifjofrZr gks x;k gS rFkk dfri; micaèk fujFkZd vkSj vuko';d gks x, gSa] rFkk mlds ifj.kker% fu;eksa dk iz;kstu ,oa mís'; gh foQy gks x;k gSA 2018¼3½ ts ,y ts 599 ¾ 2018¼2½ vkj ,u 266 ¾ 2018¼4½ ,e ih ,y ts 193 ¼iw.kZ U;k;ihB½ myVk x;kA ¼iSjk 47 ls 49