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Forensic DNA analysis is a crucial tool in criminal investigations, used to match biological stains from crime scenes with samples from suspects or victims. DNA is extracted from stains such as blood, semen, sweat, or other biological material, and profiles are generated by analyzing variable genetic regions (genetic markers). No two individuals, except identical twins, have identical DNA profiles, making this method highly reliable for identification ["2021 0 Supreme(Tri) 61"] ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"] ["2021 0 Supreme(Bom) 786"] ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"].
In cases involving multiple individuals, DNA profiling can distinguish between contributors. For example, DNA from semen stains matched profiles of suspects, and in some cases, multiple profiles were identified from a single stain, indicating the presence of more than one person’s biological material ["2021 0 Supreme(Tri) 61"] ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"] ["2021 0 Supreme(Bom) 786"].
The last seen theory is often used in criminal cases to establish proximity in time between the suspect and the victim, especially when the deceased is found shortly after being last seen with the accused. When the time gap is minimal, it strengthens the inference that the accused was responsible, but if the gap is large, establishing direct involvement becomes more challenging ["2025 Supreme(Online)(Kar) 38502"] ["
Vinod alias Rahul Chouhtha VS State of Madhya Pradesh - Crimes
"] ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"] ["Dharam Deo Yadav VS State of Uttar Pradesh - Crimes
"].DNA evidence can conclusively link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, such as matching Y-chromosome profiles from biological samples to the accused, which has been held as conclusive proof of guilt in certain cases, especially involving sexual assault or violation of minors ["2018 0 Supreme(MP) 490"] ["
Vinod alias Rahul Chouhtha VS State of Madhya Pradesh - Crimes
"].In the described incident involving two deceased persons, the forensic expert visited the crime scene but was only able to trace DNA of one of the deceased from biological stains. No DNA was extracted from the crime scene of the other deceased, which limits the forensic evidence available for that victim ["2021 0 Supreme(Tri) 61"].
Overall, DNA evidence is pivotal in criminal trials, but its interpretation depends on the context, timing, and quality of samples. The absence of DNA from the crime scene of one victim does not negate the possibility of involvement but highlights the importance of comprehensive forensic investigation ["2021 0 Supreme(Tri) 61"] ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"].
References:- ["2021 0 Supreme(Tri) 61"]- ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"]- ["2021 0 Supreme(Bom) 786"]- ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"]- ["2021 0 Supreme(Mad) 2568"]- ["2025 Supreme(Online)(Kar) 38502"]- ["2020 0 Supreme(Jhk) 11"]- ["2022 0 Supreme(Gau) 1132"]- ["2018 0 Supreme(MP) 490"]- ["
Vinod alias Rahul Chouhtha VS State of Madhya Pradesh - Crimes
"]- ["MAHESH S/O VASANT CHILWANTE vs THE STAT OF MAHARASHTRA - Bombay"]- ["Dharam Deo Yadav VS State of Uttar Pradesh - Crimes
"]
In high-stakes murder investigations, especially those involving multiple victims, the forensic expert's role can make or break a case. Imagine a brutal attack claiming two lives: a forensic expert visits the crime scene, traces DNA belonging to one deceased, but finds no DNA from the other at the scene. Does this gap undermine the prosecution? Generally, such scenarios highlight the critical importance of forensic visits for evidence collection, preservation, and analysis, which courts often view as essential for corroborating other proofs. This post delves into the legal significance of these visits, drawing from key judgments and forensic principles.
Consider this common investigative challenge: two persons are murdered in an attack. A forensic expert visits the crime scene, successfully tracing DNA of one deceased, but no DNA is extracted from the crime scene related to the other deceased. While this might raise questions about completeness, courts typically emphasize that forensic visits are vital for gathering physical evidence directly from the scene. The absence of full examination can weaken a case, but proper protocols enhance evidence reliability. 2025 0 Supreme(Del) 192
Forensic evidence, like DNA, often provides scientific backing beyond circumstantial or testimonial proof. As noted in precedents, the court highlighted the necessity of scientific evidence in establishing facts, especially in cases based on . 2025 0 Supreme(Del) 192
Forensic experts' on-site visits enable proper collection and preservation of evidence, minimizing contamination risks. This is crucial in murder cases where physical traces—blood, DNA, weapons—link suspects to victims or the scene.
In one case, forensic reports based on scene-recovered items like a broken mobile charger part and DNA samples connected the accused to the crime, underscoring implied expert involvement. 2022 0 Supreme(Del) 355
Even in firearm-related murders, while not always mandatory, expert visits for ballistic exams are highly valued. Courts have observed: It cannot be laid down as an inflexible rule that in every case where an accused person is charged with murder caused by a lethal weapon, the prosecution case can succeed in proving charge only if Ballistic Expert is examined. 2007 8 Supreme 502
DNA analysis is a cornerstone of modern forensics. The process begins with DNA being extracted from the crime stain and also from a sample one matched the DNA profile.
No two persons—even siblings—share identical DNA profiles except identical twins, making matches highly probative.
In double murders or attacks with multiple victims, DNA from one victim strengthens the case, even if absent for the other. For instance, mixed DNA profiles on scene items, like bloodstained bedsheets showing victim DNA alongside others, have been pivotal. 2022 0 Supreme(SC) 500 Courts accept DNA reports if sampling is proper and untampered, as part of statutory schemes in serious crimes. 2017 3 Supreme 385
In scenarios like the query, DNA from one victim corroborates the attack's occurrence, while lack for the other might stem from environmental factors, not investigative failure.
Judgments consistently affirm forensic visits' value:
Broader precedents reinforce this. In high-profile matters, DNA from biological materials matched victim swabs to accused, even amid multiple profiles.
and fingerprints further bridged evidentiary gaps in group crimes. 2017 3 Supreme 385 (Note: Detailed Nirbhaya insights 2017 3 Supreme 385 highlight DNA's precision in gang cases, though specifics vary.)
Recoveries pursuant to accused statements, corroborated by DNA, hold under evidence laws. , nearly 100% accurate, connects perpetrators reliably. 2017 0 Supreme(Mad) 832
While ideal, not every murder mandates exhaustive forensics:- Eyewitness or medico-legal proof may suffice.- Procedural lapses, like untested bullets, weaken but don't doom cases with strong alternatives. 2007 8 Supreme 502- Admissibility hinges on proper handling; expert under evidence acts bolsters weight. 2023 0 Supreme(Chh) 94
In multi-victim attacks, selective DNA might reflect positioning or degradation, not absence of crime linkage.
To maximize forensic impact:- Prioritize expert scene visits with documentation.- Follow protocols for DNA extraction and comparison.- Courts should scrutinize gaps but integrate with totality of evidence.- Remedy lapses via supplementary reports where feasible.
Prosecutors relying on forensics must demonstrate integrity; defenses can challenge incompleteness.
A forensic expert's crime scene visit remains indispensable in double murders, enabling DNA and other traces to fortify prosecutions—even if one victim's DNA eludes extraction. As cases illustrate, such evidence elevates trials' fairness, balancing scientific rigor with judicial discretion. 2022 0 Supreme(Del) 355 2025 0 Supreme(Del) 192
Key Takeaways:- Forensic visits enhance evidence credibility.- DNA gaps aren't case-killers amid strong proofs.- Always integrate forensics holistically.
This post provides general insights based on precedents and is not legal advice. Consult a qualified attorney for case-specific guidance.
#ForensicScience #DNAMurderCase #CrimeSceneInvestigation
Rarely, it is seen that an incident of rape is committed in front of any eyewitnesses. The present case is not an exception. There is no eyewitness who had seen the commission of crime as allegedly committed by the accused-persons including the appellant herein. ... DNA was extracted from the blood sample detected in Ext. A, C, J, Z6 and Z7 by organic extraction method DNA was extracted from the semen stain detected from Ext. D, E, F, G and H by orga....
profiling starts with DNA being extracted from the crime stain and also from a sample one matched the DNA profile of PW-1. ... brothers, he could have implicated his wife in the same crime. ... The appellant’s DNA matched the DNA profile from a sweat stain detected on one of the jackets. ... , he has murdered an unknown person (deceased herein) and he planted a chit p style="position:absolu....
(b) In order to implicate the above stated three persons, he has murdered an unknown person (deceased herein) and he planted a chit exhibit Q/1 in the pant pocket of the deceased. ... Likewise, two sets of DNA profile were generated from the jeans pant of accused Akshay, one of which matched the DNA profile of the prosecutrix and another one matched the DNA profile of PW-1. ... Likewise, two sets....
From DNA extracted from the biological material collected from the appellant him has matched with DNA extracted from the seminal stain retrieved from the vaginal swab of the victim upon the same person. ... Likewise, two sets of DNA profile were generated from the jeans pant of accused Akshay, one of which matched the DNA profile of the prosecutrix and another one matched the DNA profile of PW ... Lik....
measuring 1 x 25cm seen two on the left side of neck, two on the right side of neck, one each on the right and left side of chin. ... Even accepting the fact that semen of the accused have been present in the garments of the deceased, on that score alone it cannot be held that only these two appellants raped the deceased and murdered her, in the absence of any other circumstances. ... The next two strong circumstances relied upon by....
The last seen theory comes into play where the time-gap between the point of time when the accused and the deceased were seen last alive and when the deceased is found dead is so small that possibility of any person other than the accused being the author of the crime becomes impossible. ... Scene DNA samples issued by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Directorate of Forensic Science Service, Ministry of Home Affairs and Government of India"; ....
The autosomal STRs DNA profile generated from the DNA extracted from the exhibit marked-I (source: semen positive saya of the deceased Lakhi Devi) is from more than one human male source of origin. 4. ... The autosomal STRs DNA profile generated from the DNA extracted from the exhibit marked-A1 (source: vaginal swab on a glass slide of the deceased Lakhi Devi) belong to a human female source along with two human ma....
who murdered the deceased is only a mere presumption and not supported by any proof. ... Thereafter, charge under Section 302 IPC was filed against the two accused persons and to which, they pleaded to be not guilty and claimed for trial. As a result, trial against the two accused persons commenced. 4. ... Although, a requisition for DNA profiling was made to the Forensic Science Laboratory in Narsingarh in the State of Manipur, but no results have b....
No two persons even between 2 brothers or 2 sisters have identical 46 chromosomes except identical twins. Forensic DNA analysis is a technique where analysis is carried out on a number of genetic loci on a person's chromosomes. ... Together with PW6 there were four persons there one of whom was a female. PW6 then proceeded to the scene. There he found David Teoh Boon Teik ("the deceased") lying on the floor. He checked the deceased and found that he ....
No two persons even between 2 brothers or 2 sisters have identical 46 chromosomes except identical twins. Forensic DNA analysis is a technique where analysis is carried out on a number of genetic loci on a person's chromosomes. ... The process of DNA profiling starts with DNA being extracted from the crime stains and also from a sample taken from the suspect. In each case the DNA is cut into smaller lengths by specific enzymes. .......
In each case the DNA is cut into smaller lengths by specific enzymes. "The process of DNA profiling starts with DNA being extracted from the crime stain and also from a sample taken from the suspect. The fragments produced are sorted according to size by a process of electrophoresis.
As is evident from the above table, the DNA material which the prosecution relies on, is that of the victims which according to the prosecution, was found on articles recovered from the possession of the accused. DNA material found on the bloodstained bedsheet seized from the scene of the crime (Ex. A9) indicated presence of mixed DNA profile of the deceased, i.e. DNA material of more than one individual.
"The process of DNA profiling starts with DNA being extracted from the crime stain and also from a sample taken from the suspect. This process is complex and we could not hope to describe it more clearly or succintly than did Lord Taylor C.J. in the case of Deen (transcript:December 21, 1993), so we shall gratefully adopt his description. The fragments produced are sorted according to size by a process of electrophoresis. In each case the DNA is cut into smaller lengths by specific enzymes.
41. P.W.55 is a DNA Expert from the Forensic Science Laboratory, Chennai. According to him, the DNA extracted from the blood of the deceased was compared with the DNA extracted from the material objects. P.W.56 the then Metropolitan Magistrate has stated that he recorded the statement of one Mohan under Section 164 of Cr.P.C.
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