Searching Case Laws & Precedent on Legal Query!
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Searching Case Laws & Precedent on Legal Query!
Scanned Judgements…!
Pauper Definition - A person is considered a pauper if they lack sufficient means to pay the court fee or possess property worth less than a specified amount (Rs. 50 or Rs. 100), excluding necessary wearing apparel and exempted property. The assessment includes property acquired after application submission. ["FERNANDO v. FERNANDO et al."], ["Abdul Sathar, S/o. Jalaludheen Kunhu vs P.V. Manoj Kumar, S/o. Kunhanandan Nair - Kerala"]
Application in Hindi - To file a suit as a pauper in India, the applicant must demonstrate financial incapacity, typically through a court enquiry. The court evaluates whether the individual has enough means or property (excluding exempted assets) to pay the fee. If found indigent, permission is granted to proceed without paying court fees. ["SMT C YASHODA vs MUNILAKSHMAMMA - Karnataka"], ["Abdul Sathar, S/o. Jalaludheen Kunhu vs P.V. Manoj Kumar, S/o. Kunhanandan Nair - Kerala"]
Court Procedure & Discretion - Courts have discretion to allow pauper status based on enquiry reports. Security for costs is generally not required from pauper appellants, as they lack the means. An application under Order 33 CPC enables indigent persons to file suits or appeals without prepayment of fees, subject to court approval after enquiry. ["FERNANDO v. FERNANDO et al."], ["Paramjit Kaur VS Sant Ram - Punjab and Haryana"], ["Abdul Sathar, S/o. Jalaludheen Kunhu vs P.V. Manoj Kumar, S/o. Kunhanandan Nair - Kerala"]
Judicial Practice & Precedents - Historically, courts in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and India have favored allowing pauper appellants and plaintiffs to litigate without security, emphasizing access to justice for the indigent. The court assesses property, income, and circumstances to determine indigency. ["AIYAR v. TAMBYAH et al."], ["Paramjit Kaur VS Sant Ram - Punjab and Haryana"], ["Abdul Sathar, S/o. Jalaludheen Kunhu vs P.V. Manoj Kumar, S/o. Kunhanandan Nair - Kerala"]
Application in Hindi - For a pauper person to apply in Hindi for a suit, they must submit an affidavit or application stating their inability to pay court fees, supported by evidence or enquiry reports. The court then examines their financial status, including property and income, to decide on granting pauper status. Once approved, the person can proceed with the suit or appeal as a pauper without paying fees. ["NAZIR AHAMED vs JAHAN ARA BEGUM - Madras"], ["RAM LAL SAINI Vs RAJASTHAN BRIDGE and CONSTURCTIO - Rajasthan"], ["RAM LAL SAINI Vs RAJASTHAN BRIDGE and CONSTURCTIO - Rajasthan"]
Analysis and Conclusion:
In India, an indigent person or pauper can file a suit or appeal in forma pauperis by submitting an application demonstrating their financial incapacity, including lack of property (beyond exempt assets) and insufficient income. The court conducts an enquiry to verify their status, considering property, income, and circumstances. If found eligible, the court grants permission to proceed without payment of court fees, facilitating access to justice for the economically weaker sections. Similar principles apply in Sri Lanka, emphasizing the importance of judicial discretion and the avoidance of security requirements for pauper appellants. When applying in Hindi, the applicant should prepare a clear affidavit or application detailing their financial situation, supported by evidence or court enquiry reports, to obtain pauper status and proceed with their suit or appeal accordingly.
References:
Filing a lawsuit can be daunting, especially when court fees pose a barrier. For those with limited financial means, the Civil Procedure Code (CPC) offers relief through pauper suits (now termed indigent person suits). But what if you need to submit an application in Hindi for suit by a pauper person? This guide breaks down the process, requirements, and pitfalls under Order 33 CPC, helping you navigate this provision effectively.
Note: This is general information based on legal provisions and case law. It is not a substitute for professional legal advice. Consult a lawyer for your specific situation.
Under Order 33 of the CPC, a pauper or indigent person can institute a suit without paying court fees upfront if they lack sufficient means. A person is considered a pauper under Order 33 Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC) if they do not possess sufficient means to pay the prescribed court fee for the plaint or if they do not own property worth more than one hundred rupees, excluding necessary wearing apparel and the subject matter of the suit Bhuwani Devi VS N. P. Panchayat Samiti, Osian - Rajasthan.
A person is an indigent person, -- (a) If he is not possessed of sufficient means (other than property exempt from attachment in execution of a decree and the subject-matter of the suit) to enable him to pay the fee prescribed by law for the plaint in such suit, or Arvind Atri VS Manoj Kumar Khurana - 2022 Supreme(P&H) 1599. This definition excludes the suit property itself and exempt items from consideration NAZIR AHAMED vs JAHAN ARA BEGUM.
Once approved, the application is treated as the plaint, and the suit proceeds normally, exempting the plaintiff from court fees (though process fees may apply) Bhuwani Devi VS N. P. Panchayat Samiti, Osian - Rajasthan.
To file as a pauper, your application must include:- A schedule of movable or immovable property with estimated values.- Signature and verification like a plaint Jugal Kishore VS Dhanno Devi (Dead) By L. Rs - Supreme Court.
The court examines the applicant's means, often through inquiry under Rules 6-8 of Order 33. In Sushil Thomas Abraham Vs. M/s Skyline Build., the court clarified that rental income from the suit property cannot be factored into indigency determination, per Explanation I to Rule 1. It set aside a denial of status and ordered fresh inquiry, stressing the defendant's right to rebut asset reports Arvind Atri VS Manoj Kumar Khurana - 2022 Supreme(P&H) 1599.
For Hindi applications, draft in simple, clear Hindi, ensuring compliance with CPC formats. The plaint's cause of action must be evident without probing merits Vijai Pratap Singh And Ramjiwan Misir VS Dukh Haran Nath Singh - Supreme Court.
(ii) in the case of a pauper, when his application for leave to sue as a pauper is made; This deems the suit instituted on application filing date, relevant for limitation N.K Proteins Limited (Formerly known as NK Proteins Ltd.), Through Mr. Nilesh K. Patel vs State of Maharashtra (Through E.O.W. Unit V) and Competent Authority - 2025 Supreme(Bom) 613Chandeshwar Kumar VS State of Bihar - 2024 Supreme(Pat) 478.
Courts reject applications for several reasons:- No cause of action shown in allegations Solomon Selvaraj VS Indirani Bhagawan Singh - Supreme Court.- Failure to disclose assets truthfully, e.g., omitting property value appreciation MALURAM HEMRAJ VS ARJUN SINGH - Rajasthan.- Barred by law, like res judicata Solomon Selvaraj VS Indirani Bhagawan Singh - Supreme Court.
In Ram Lal Saini's case, the court dismissed the pauper appeal as averments were unconvincing: the appellant owned a 188 sq. yard house (likely appreciated) and had paid fees in a prior suit, proving means RAM LAL SAINI Vs RAJASTHAN BRIDGE and CONSTURCTIO. Similarly, a contractor's pauper appeal failed despite claims, as he received substantial payments and lacked proof RAM LAL SAINI vs RAJ BRIDGE AND CONSTRUCTION.
Vijai Pratap Singh v. Dukh Haran Nath Singh reiterated: the application must disclose a cause of action from allegations alone Vijai Pratap Singh And Ramjiwan Misir VS Dukh Haran Nath Singh - Supreme Court. In Maluram Case, non-disclosure led to rejection, mandating full and frank disclosure MALURAM HEMRAJ VS ARJUN SINGH - Rajasthan.
Trial courts often examine witnesses and documents, as in Pauper O.P. No. 119/2012, where the petitioner was denied status post-inquiry NAZIR AHAMED vs JAHAN ARA BEGUM.
Follow this structure for a strong Hindi application:
परिचय (Introduction): स्पष्ट रूप से गरिब व्यक्ति के रूप में मुकदमा दायर करने का इरादा बताएं, व्यक्तिगत विवरण और मुकदमे की प्रकृति सहित।
गरिबी के विवरण (Details of Indigency):
परिवार या मित्रों से सहायता की घोषणा शामिल करें। Provide affidavits or proofs; vague claims fail, as in contractor cases RAM LAL SAINI vs RAJ BRIDGE AND CONSTRUCTION.
कारण कार्रवाई (Cause of Action): तथ्यों को स्पष्ट रूप से बताएं जो राहत के लिए पर्याप्त हों।
सत्यापन (Verification): विधिक आवश्यकताओं के अनुसार हस्ताक्षरित और सत्यापित करें Jugal Kishore VS Dhanno Devi (Dead) By L. Rs - Supreme Court.
Include a property schedule: e.g., no immovable property beyond wearing apparel; list liabilities. Courts probe hidden assets, like appreciated property RAM LAL SAINI Vs RAJASTHAN BRIDGE and CONSTURCTIO.
Sample Hindi Snippet:
मै नाम, निवासी पता, घोषणा करता हूं कि मेरे पास मुकदमे के विषय को छोड़कर पर्याप्त साधन नहीं हैं। मेरी मासिक आय राशि है, कोई चल/अचल संपत्ति नहीं Bhuwani Devi VS N. P. Panchayat Samiti, Osian - Rajasthan.
In MPID Act contexts, Limitation Act applies unless excluded, but pauper filing dates suit start N.K Proteins Limited (Formerly known as NK Proteins Ltd.), Through Mr. Nilesh K. Patel vs State of Maharashtra (Through E.O.W. Unit V) and Competent Authority - 2025 Supreme(Bom) 613.
Successfully filing a pauper suit application in Hindi demands honesty, detail, and legal precision. Prove indigency excluding suit property, show cause of action, and anticipate inquiries. Rejections often stem from asset non-disclosure or weak claims, as seen in multiple High Court rulings.
Key steps:- Gather financial proofs.- Draft comprehensively in Hindi.- Reference Order 33 strictly.
By following these guidelines and case precedents like Sushil Thomas and Vijai Pratap Singh, your application stands stronger Vijai Pratap Singh And Ramjiwan Misir VS Dukh Haran Nath Singh - Supreme CourtArvind Atri VS Manoj Kumar Khurana - 2022 Supreme(P&H) 1599.
References:- Bhuwani Devi VS N. P. Panchayat Samiti, Osian - RajasthanJugal Kishore VS Dhanno Devi (Dead) By L. Rs - Supreme CourtSolomon Selvaraj VS Indirani Bhagawan Singh - Supreme CourtMALURAM HEMRAJ VS ARJUN SINGH - RajasthanVijai Pratap Singh And Ramjiwan Misir VS Dukh Haran Nath Singh - Supreme CourtNAZIR AHAMED vs JAHAN ARA BEGUMRAM LAL SAINI Vs RAJASTHAN BRIDGE and CONSTURCTIORAM LAL SAINI vs RAJ BRIDGE AND CONSTRUCTIONArvind Atri VS Manoj Kumar Khurana - 2022 Supreme(P&H) 1599N.K Proteins Limited (Formerly known as NK Proteins Ltd.), Through Mr. Nilesh K. Patel vs State of Maharashtra (Through E.O.W. Unit V) and Competent Authority - 2025 Supreme(Bom) 613
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of the suit.? ... A person is a pauper when he is not possessed of sufficient means to enable him to pay the fee prescribed by law for the plaint in such suit or where no such fee is prescribed, when he is not entitled to property worth one hundred rupees other than his necessary wearing apparel and the subject matter ... A person seeking to sue for redemption of a mortgage in forma pauperis cannot ....
Therefore, by exercising the power under Order XXXIII of Code of Civil Procedure, respondent is permitted to file the suit as an indigent person without paying the Court fee. 9. ... Learned Trial Judge after holding an enquiry as to the means of the respondent to pay the Court fee, got satisfied that except wearing apparels, the respondent did not have financial capacity to pay the Court fee and permitted the petitioner to file the suit as ....
Along with the appeal an application was filed by the petitioner under Order 33 CPC seeking permission to file the said appeal as a pauper. ... The application filed by the petitioner under Order 33 CPC is allowed. The petitioner is hereby permitted to file appeal against the judgment dated 20th April, 2019 as a pauper. The 1st Appellate Court is directed to proceed ahead with the appeal in accordance with law. ... The pre....
The Supreme Court referred the application to the District Judge, to find out if he was actually a pauper. The District Judge had reported that he had friends assisting him, in his litigation. ... Application allowed. ... were to deprive the pauper at the outset of all relief from any injustice. " So far as I have been able to ascertain, it has never been the practice in Ceylon to require security from pa....
(e) where he has entered into any agreement with reference to the subject-matter of the proposed suit under which any other person has obtained an interest in such subject-matter; [or] [(f) where the allegations, made by the applicant in the application show that the suit would ... —A person is an indigent person,— (a) If he is not possessed of sufficient means (other than property exemp....
According to the plaintiff, he is an indigent person, he has no source of income to pay court fee and except suit A Schedule property, there is no other property and so prayed for treating him as an indigent person and consequently permit him to conduct the suit informa pauparis without payment of court ... Pauper O.P.No.119 of 2012 has been filed by the revision petitioner herein who is the plaintiff see....
Pauper O.P.No.119 of 2012 has been filed by the revision petitioner so prayed for treating him as an indigent person and consequently permit him to conduct the suit therefore, cannot be treated as an indigent person. ... The trial court while dealing with the application, examined witnesses and marked exhibits/documents. ... The pauper O.P.is of the year 2012.
Civil Pauper Application No. 1/2004 In S.B. ... Even otherwise, as per the averments made in the application, the suit was valued at Rs. 5,74,712.65 and thereon Court fee of Rs. 28,805/- is required to be paid, whereas the plaintiff, who is a Contractor, filed the suit for recovery ... Hence, the application be allowed, the applicant be declared as indigenous ....
application is condoned. ... Hence, the application be allowed, the applicant be declared as indigenous person and the appeal filed by the the application, the suit was valued at Rs. 5,74,712.65 and In [CPA-1/2004] indigent person
a pauper. ... -A person is an indigent person, -- (a) If he is not possessed of sufficient means (other than property exempt from attachment in execution of a decree and the subject-matter of the suit) to enable him to pay the fee prescribed by law for the plaint in such suit, or" p ... Under Order 33, rule 9, it is open to the Court on the application of the defendant to dispauper the p....
(2) For the purposes of this Act,— (a) a suit is instituted,— (i) in an ordinary case, when the plaint is presented to the proper officer; (iii) in the case of a claim against a company which is being wound up by the court, when the claimant first sends in his claim to the official liquidator; (ii) in the case of a pauper, when his application for leave to sue as a pauper is made; and (b) any claim by way of a set off or a counter claim, shall be treated as a separate sui....
(2) For the purposes of this Act,-- (a) a suit is instituted,— (i) in an ordinary case, when the plaint is presented to the proper officer; (b) any claim by way of a set off or a counter claim, shall be treated as a separate suit and shall be deemed to have been instituted-- (iii) in the case of a claim against a company which is being wound up by the court, when the claimant first sends in his claim to the official liquidator; (ii) in the case of a pauper, when his application f....
(b) any claim by way of a set off or a counter claim, shall be treated as a separate suit and shall be deemed to have been instituted- (i) in an ordinary case, when the plaint is presented to the proper officer; (ii) in the case of a pauper, when his application for leave to sue as a pauper is made; and” (iii) in the case of a claim against a company which is being wound up by the court, when the claimant first sends in his claim to the official liquidator;”
(b) any claim by way of a set off or a counter claim, shall be treated as a separate suit and shall be deemed to have been instituted- (iii) in the case of a claim against a company which is being wound up by the court, when the claimant first sends in his claim to the official liquidator; (ii) in the case of a pauper, when his application for leave to sue as a pauper is made; and (i) in an ordinary case, when the plaint is presented to the proper officer;
(iii) in the case of a claim against a company which is being wound up by the court, when the claimant first sends in his claim to the official liquidator; (b) any claim by way of a set-off or a counter-claim, shall be treated as a separate suit and shall be deemed to have been instituted-- (i) in an ordinary case, when the plaint is presented to the proper officer; (ii) in the case of a pauper, when his application for leave to sue as a pauper is made; and
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