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2025 Supreme(SC) 1686

B. R. GAVAI, AUGUSTINE GEORGE MASIH
In Re: The Waqf Amendment Act, 2025 (1) – Appellant
Versus
. – Respondent


Advocates appeared:
For the Petitioner(s): Mr. Kapil Sibal, Sr. Adv. Mr. Fuzail Ahmad Ayyubi, AOR Mr. Ibad Mushtaq, Adv. Ms. Rupali Samuel, Adv. Ms. Sumedha, Adv. Ms. Akanksha Rai, Adv. Ms. Gurneet Kaur, Adv. Mr. Mujahid Ahmed, Adv. Mr. Shahid Nadeem, Adv. Mr. Mir Ferasat Ali Shuttari, Adv. Ms. Syeda Marwa Shuttari, Adv. Mr. Mustafa Khaddam Hussain, Adv. Mr. Hasan Raza Khan, Adv. Dr. Rajeev Dhavan, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ejaz Maqbool, AOR Mr. Burhan V. Bukhari, Adv. Mr. Zain Maqbool, Adv. Mr. Saif Zia, Adv. Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Sr. Adv. Mr. M R Shamshad, Sr. Adv. Mr. Amit Bhandari, Adv. Mr. Talha Abdul Rahman, AOR Mr. M Shaz Khan, Adv. Mr. Arijit Sarkar, Adv. Mr. Faizan Ahmed, Adv. Mr. Rafid Akhter, Adv. Mr. Sudhanshu Tewari, Adv. Mr. Zulfikar Ali, Adv. Ms. Rashmi Singh, Adv. Mr. Mohammed Thayyib Hudavi, Adv. Ms. Sitwat Nabi, Adv. Mr. Yash Johri, Adv. Mr. Huzefa Ahmadi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ninad Laud, Adv. Mr. Abdulla Naseeh V.t., AOR Mr. Mashook Ali, Adv. Ms. Rashmi Singh, Adv. Mr. Ivo D’costa, Adv. Mr. Zubin Dash, Adv. Mr. Mohammad Ajmal Hussain, Adv. Mr. Rohan Sharma, Adv. Mr. Ashray Chopra, Adv. Ms. Abreeda Banu, Adv. Mr. Nizam Pasha, Adv. Mr. Lzafeer Ahmad B. F., AOR Ms. Awstika Das, Adv. Mr. Mushtaq Salim, Adv. Mr. Madhav Deepak, Adv. Mr. Sidharth Kaushik, Adv. Mr. Shubham Arun, Adv. Mr. Arif Ali, Adv. Singhvi Mr. Sachin Dubey, Adv. Mr. Narendra Mishra,Adv. Mr. Usman Khan,Adv. Ms. K. R. Chitra, AOR Mr. Subhash Chandra Jain, AOR Mr. Gaurav, AOR Mr. Vishnu Shankar Jain, Adv. Mr. Shaurya Krishna, Adv. Mr. Parth Yadav, AOR Ms. Marbiang Khongwir, Adv. Ms. Khushboo Tomar, Adv. Mr. Md. Hadiur Rahaman, Adv. Mr. Arindam Ghosh, AO Singhvi R Ms. Nilofar Khan, AOR Mr. Khushi Mohammad, Adv. Ms. Afrin Khan, Adv. Mr. Mohit Gaurav, Adv. Mr. Anjum Parvez, Adv. Mrs. Saumya Dubey, Adv. Mr. Nameer Alvi, Adv. Mr. M. Yogesh Kanna, Adv. Mr. S. Prabu Ramasubramanian, Adv. Mr. Manoj Kumar A., Adv. Mr. Vinayaga Vignesh I., Adv. Mr. Vasu Kalra, Adv. Mr. Vairawan A.S, AOR Mr. Anil Kumar, AOR Mr. Aslam Ahmed Jamal, AOR Mr. Rohit Jain, Adv. Mr. Mohd Ashaab, Adv. Mr. Mir Omer Khan, Adv. Mr. Tameem Moeez, Adv. Ms. Afsar Jahan, Adv. Ms. Shabiesta Nabi, Adv. Mr. Arun Kumar Arunachal, Adv. Mr. Raees Ahmad, Adv. Mr. Arun Kumar Maji, Adv. Mr. Shashank Tripathi, AOR Mr. Jeevan Kumar, Adv. Mr. Rajeev Singh, AOR Mr. Bhaskar Aditya , AOR Mr. A. Rasheed Qureshi, Adv. Mr. Pawan Kumar Sharma, Adv. Ms. Priya Rastogi, Adv. Mr. Dharmendra Kumar Sinha, AOR Mr. Syed Mehdi Imam, AOR Mr. Mohd Parvez Dabas, Adv. Mr. Uzmi Jamil Husain, Adv. Mr. Tashriq Ahmad, Adv. Mr. Tabrez Ahmad, Adv. Mr. Mohd Noorullah, Adv. Mr. Atif Suhrawardy, Adv. Mr. M A Mujeeb, Adv. Mr. Vishnu Sharma A.s., AOR Mr. Syed Ashhar Warsi, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Choudhary, AOR Mr. Tushar Jain, Adv.
For the Respondent(s):Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. K.m.nataraj, A.S.G. Mr. Vikramjit Banerjee, A.S.G. Mr. S.d.sanjay, A.S.G. Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, A.S.G. Mr. Raghavendra P.shankar, A.S.G. Mr. Sudarshan Lamba, AOR Singhvi Mr. Anil Kaushik, Adv. Mr. P.v.yogeswaran, Adv. Mr. Karan Lahiri, Adv. Ms. Astha Singh, Adv. Mr. Gaurang Bhushan, Adv. Ms. Sansriti Pathak, Adv. Mr. Kanu Agarwal, Adv. Mr. K. Parmeshwaran, Adv. Mr. Arvind Dattar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Adv. Mr. Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, AOR Mr. Bharat Bagla, Adv. Mr. Sourav Singh, Adv. Mr. Aditya Krishna, Adv. Mr. Adarsh Dubey, Adv. Mr. Shridhar Pottraju, Sr. Adv. Ms. Pratima Nain Lakra, AOR Ms. Mahima Pandey, Adv. Mr. Vikas Lakra, Adv. Mr. Aditya Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shreeyas U Lalit, Adv. Mr. Aakash Dixit, Adv. Mr. Pallav Mongia, Adv. Mr. Devesh Mohan, Adv. Mr. Abdul Qadir Abbasi, AOR Ms. Srishti Mishra, AOR Mr. Md. Shahid Anwar, AOR Mr. Shadan Farasat, Sr. Adv. Mr. Hareesh Ahmad Minhaj, Adv. Dr. Nikish Kumari, Adv. Mr. Ajay Amritraj, Adv. Singhvi Mr. Aryan P Nanda, Adv. Singhvi Mr. Mansoor Ali, AOR Mr. Bilal Mansoor, Adv. Singhvi Mr. Niaz Ahmad Farooqi, Adv. Mr. Z.k.faizan, Adv. Mr. S.islam, Adv. Ms. Rubina Jawed, Adv. Mr. Imtiyaz Ali, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Bhatia, Sr. A.A.G. Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, AOR Singhvi Mr. Ajay Bahuguna, Adv. Mr. Siddhant Yadav, Adv. Mr. Vikas Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Nihal Ahmad, AOR Mr. S. Guru Krishna Kumar, Sr. Adv. Ms. C. Ankeeta Appanna, AOR Ms. Madhura Chitnis, Adv. Mr. Ashwin K, Adv. Mr. Syed Shahid Hussain Rizvi, AOR Mr. Nasir Aziz, Adv. Mr. Zeeshan Rizvi, Adv. Ms. Manju Jetley, AOR Mr. Ali Chaudhary,, Adv. Mr. Rachit Gupta,, Adv. Singh Singhvi vi Mr. Abuzar Ali, Adv. Singhvi Mr. Loknath Paul, Adv. Mr. Kaleeswaram Raj, Adv. Mr. Mohammed Sadique T.a., AOR Mrs. Thulasi K Raj, Adv. Mr. Alim Anvar, Adv. Ms. Aparna Menon, Adv. Ms. Chinnu Maria Antony, Adv. Mr. Arman Roop Sharma, Adv. Ms. Shimpy Sharma, Adv. Mr. Mohd. Aman Khan Afghani, Adv. Mr. Mohd. Arham, Adv. Ms. Era Khatana, Adv. Mr. Amit Kumar Pandey, Adv. Dr. Vinod Kumar Tewari, AOR Dr. Abhishek Singhvi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Avishkar Singhvi, Adv. Mr. Pranjal Agarwal, Adv. Ms. Dixita Gohil, Adv. Mr. T Mahendhran, Adv. Mr. Yash S. Vijay, AOR Mr. Shikhar Aggarwal, Adv. Mr. K. Parmeshwar,Sr.Adv. Mr. Shuvodeep Roy, AOR Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Khan, AOR Mr. M Dhandapani, Adv. Mr. Mohd Israr Khan, Adv. Mr. Syed Saifullah, Adv. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Subodh Pathak, Adv. Mr. Amit Mishra, Adv. Mr. Gautam Singh, Adv. Mr. Mitakshara Goyal, Adv. Mr. Sudipto Sircar, Adv. Mr. Shriya Gilhotra, Adv. Mr. Amit sharma, Adv. Mr. Yashraj Bundela, Adv. Mr. Rahul G Tanwani, Adv. Mr. Venkata Raghuvamsy D., AOR Mr. Sadashiv, AOR Mr. Sachin Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Pranav Kumar Srivastva, Adv. Mr. Devendra Kumar Gupta, Adv. Mr. Ashish Singh, Adv. Mr. Ashish Pandey, Adv. Mr. B Gamaprasad Yadav, Adv. Ms. Vandana, Adv. Ms. Pooja Garg, Adv. Mr. Prasant Andrew Leo, Adv. Mr. Nishant Sanjay Kumar Singh, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Trivedi, Adv. Mr. Abhijit Sengupta, AOR Mr. Tadimalla Gowtham,Adv. Mr. Subodh Patil,Adv. Mr. Alabhya Dhamija,Adv. Mr. Gautam Singh,Adv. Mr. Shreeyash U. Lalit,Adv. Mr. Rahul G. Tanwani,Adv. Mr. Shubhendu Anand,Adv. Ms. Manima Pandey,Adv. Mr. Rishikesh Haridas,Adv. Mr. Aditya Kashyap,Adv. Mr. Ramesh Thakur,Adv. Ms. Shriya Gilhotra, AOR Mr. Sunil Kumar, Adv. Mr. Prateek Tanwar, Adv. Mr. Poonam Seth, Adv. M/S. Brajesh Pandey & Associates, AOR Mr. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Sr. Adv. Mr. Rauf Rahim, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ali Asghar Rahim, Adv. Mr. Firdous Samim, Adv. Ms. Gopa Biswas, Adv. Mr. Hasan Baqri, Adv. Mr. Azam Khan, Adv. Mr. Mizanur Rahaman, Adv. Mr. Wasim Akram, Adv. Mr. Aravind C., Adv. Mr. Shekhar Kumar, AOR Ms. Tania Tamanna, Adv. Dr. Rajeev Dhavan, Sr. Adv. Mr. Sanjay R Hegde, Sr. Adv. Mr. Anas Tanwir, AOR Mr. Ebad Ur Rahman, Adv. Mr. Qamar Ahmad Siddiqui, Adv. Ms. Masoom Raj Singh, Adv. Ms. Zainab Shaikh, Adv. Mr. Ashish Kumar, Adv. Mr. Fakhre Alam, Adv. Mrs. Farah Hashmi, Adv. Mr. Abdul Qadir, Adv. Ms. Nazish Fatima, Adv. Mr. Zarif Hossain, Adv. Mr. Kashif Jamal, Adv. Ms. Farhat Jahan Rehmani, AOR Mr. Barkat Ali Khan, Adv. Mr. Imran Ahmed, Adv. Mr. Monis Faridi, Adv. Mr. Firoz Iqbal Khan, Adv. Mr. Faizan Khan, Adv. Mr. Shaan Mohd, Adv. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Lokesh Sinhal, Sr. A.A.G. Mr. Akshay Amritanshu, AOR Ms. Drishti Rawal, Adv. Ms. Pragya Upadhyay, Adv. Ms. Drishti Saraf, Adv. Ms. Aakanksha, Adv. Mr. Nikunj Gupta, Adv. Ms. Ishika Gupta, Adv. Mr. Sarthak Arya, Adv. Mr. Gopal Sankaranarayanan, Sr. Adv. Ms. Divya Jyoti Singh, AOR Mr. Tushar Shrivastava, Adv. Ms. Shreya Nair, Adv. Mr. Shourya Dasgupta, Adv. Mr. Vinay Garg, Sr. Adv. Mr. P.n.ravindran, Sr. Adv. Ms. Kiran Bhardwaj, AOR Mr. Abhishek Atrey, Adv. Ms. Ambika Atrey, Adv. Mr. Awanish Sinha, Adv. Mr. Ajay Singh, Adv. Mr. Ajay Jain, Adv. Ms. Anuradha Rustagi, Adv. Ms. Anu Mohla, Adv. Ms. Sangita Malhotra, Adv. Mr. Anilendra Pandey, AOR Mr. Anilendra Pandey, Adv. Mr. Nadeem Hussain, Adv. Mr. Shahid Ali, Adv. Mr. Raj Ranjay Singh, Adv. Mr. Pitambar Acharya, Advocate General Mr. Maninder Singh, Sr. Adv. Ms. Samapika Biswal, AOR Mr. Prabhas Bajaj, Adv. Mr. Kartikeya Asthana, Adv. Ms. Soumya Sannidhanam, Adv. Mr. Amarpal Singh Dua, Adv. Mr. Milind Rai, Adv. Mr. Rangasaran Mohan Usman, Adv. Mr. Kapil Sibal, Sr. Adv. Mr. Salman Khurshid, Sr. Adv. Mr. Haris Beeran, Adv. Mr. Sulaiman Mohd Khan, Adv. Ms. Taiba Khan, Adv. Mr. Bhanu Malhotra, Adv. Mr. Abdul Bari Khan, Adv. Mr. Chandra Bose, Adv. Dr. Hilaluddin, Adv. Ms. Sidra Khan, Adv. Ms. Tehsheena Z. Hussain, Adv. Ms. Amna Darakhshan, Adv. Ms. Mariya Mansurai, Adv. Mr. Aftab Alam, Adv. Mr. Taufeeq Ahmed, Adv. Mr. Mohd Jamal, Adv. Mr. Azhar Assees, Adv. Mr. Usman Ghani Khan, AOR Mr. Udai Singh, Adv. Mr. Barun Kumar Sinha, Adv. Mrs. Pratibha Sinha, Adv. Mr. Abhishek, AOR Mr. Sneh Vardhan, Adv. Mr. Rakesh Mudgal, Adv. Mr. Chhail Bihari Singh, Adv. Mr. Sidhant Thakur, Adv. Mr. Neeraj, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Kumar Shukla, Adv. Mr. Ritu Raj, Adv. Mrs. Kanika, Adv. Mr. S Niranjan Reddy, Sr. Adv. Mr. Mahfooz Ahsan Nazki, AOR Ms. Akhila Palem Rami Reddy, Adv. Ms. Palak Arora, Adv. Mr. Sahil Raveen, Adv. Mr. Meeran Maqbool, Adv. Mr. Vivek Rajan D.b., Adv. Mr. Gopal Sankaranarayanan, Sr. Adv. Ms. Divya Jyoti Singh, AOR Mr. Tushar Shrivastava, Adv. Ms. Shreya Nair, Adv. Mr. Shourya Dasgupta, Adv. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Lokesh Sinhal, Sr. A.A.G. Mr. Akshay Amritanshu, AOR Ms. Drishti Rawal, Adv. Ms. Pragya Upadhyay, Adv. Ms. Drishti Saraf, Adv. Ms. Aakanksha, Adv. Mr. Nikunj Gupta, Adv. Ms. Ishika Gupta, Adv. Mr. Sarthak Arya, Adv. Mr. Md. Sadath Hussain, AOR Mr. Zeeshan Rizvi, Adv. Mr. Abdul Muqeeth Qureshi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Yusuf Khan, Adv. Mr. Minhajuddin M.shaik, Adv. Mr. Ch Rastrapal, Adv. Mr. Rajiv Kumar Sinha, Adv. Miss Kanika Singhal, AOR Mr. Manoj K. Mishra, AOR Mr. Umesh Dubey, Adv. Mr. Raj Kumar Mishra, Adv. Ms. Pushpa Mishra, Adv. Ms. Madhulika, Adv. Mr. Ashish Kumar Mishra, Adv. Ms. Vuzmal Nehru, Adv. Mr. Anand Kumar Rai, Adv. Ms. Nitya Ramakrishnan,, Sr. Adv. Mr. Prasanna S., AOR Ms. Rupali Samuel, Adv. Ms. Stuti Rai, Adv. Mr. Chander Uday Singh, Sr. Adv. Ms. Vrinda Bhandari, AOR Mr. Gautam Bhatia, Adv. Ms. Anandita Rana, Adv. Ms. Vanshita Gupta, Adv. Ms. Katyayani Suhrud, Adv. Ms. Bidya Mohanty, Adv. Ms. Rashmi Singh, AOR Mr. Chand Qureshi, AOR Mr. Aarif Ali, Adv. Mr. Mujahid Ahmad, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Shahzad Naqvi, Adv. Mr. S.s.kazi, Adv. Mr. Mohammad Ateeque, Adv. Mr. Bahar U Barqi, Adv. Mr. Robiul Islam, Adv. Mr. Gowhar Wani, Adv. Mr. Arvind Kumar, Adv. Mr. Sushil Sonkar, Adv. Mr. Mohit Yadav, Adv. Mr. Mohd Asjad, Adv. Mr. Mohd Tauheed, Adv. Mr. Aurangzeb Khan, Adv. Ms. Saima Anjum, Adv. Mr. Raj Kumar Yadav, Adv. Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Verma, Adv. Mr. Sadashiv, AOR Mr. Sachin Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Pranav Kumar Srivastva, Adv. Mr. Devendra Kumar Gupta, Adv. Mr. Ashish Singh, Adv. Mr. Ashish Pandey, Adv. Mr. B Gamaprasad Yadav, Adv. Ms. Vandana, Adv. Ms. Pooja Garg, Adv. Mr. Prasant Andrew Leo, Adv. Mr. Nishant Sanjay Kumar Singh, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Trivedi, Adv. Mr. Ranjit Kumar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Subodh Pathak, Adv. Mr. Amit Mishra, Adv. Mr. Gautam Singh, Adv. Mr. Mitakshara Goyal, Adv. Mr. Sudipto Sircar, Adv. Mr. Shriya Gilhotra, Adv. Mr. Amit sharma, Adv. Mr. Yashraj Bundela, Adv. Mr. Rahul G Tanwani, Adv. Mr. Venkata Raghuvamsy D., AOR Mr. Ansar Ahmad Chaudhary, AOR Mr. Shivam Jasra, AOR Mr. Kartik Jasra, Adv. Ms. Vidhi Sharma, Adv. Ms. G Priyadharshni, Adv. Mr. Rahul Shyam Bhandari, AOR Mr. Satyam Pathak, Adv. Mr. Prabhakar Pahepuri, Adv. Dr. Ratneshwar Chakma, Adv. Mr. M.R. Shamshad, Sr. Adv. Mr. Wajeeh Shafiq, AOR Mr. Vishwajeet Kumar, Adv. Mr. Sarwar Raza, Adv. Ms. Zeb Hasan, Adv. Mr. Nabil Raza, Adv. Mrs. Shaista Siddiqui, Adv. Mr. Tariq Adeeb, Adv. Mr. Rukhsar Ahmad, Adv. Mr. P. Wilson, Sr. Adv. Mr. A. Mariarputham, Sr. Adv. Mr. Richardson Wilson, Adv. Dr. Ram Sankar, Adv. Mr. Apoorv Malhotra, Adv. Mr. Lokesh Krishna, Adv. Mr. Ankit Sharma, Adv. Ms. Anuradha Arputham, AOR M/S. Ram Sankar & Co, AOR Mr. Huzefa Ahmadi,Sr.Adv. Mr. Ujjwal Singh , AOR Mr. Iftekar Munshi,Adv. Ms. Manisha Gupta,Adv. Mr. Rachit Bigghe,Adv. Mr. Rahul Tomar,Adv. Mr. Syed Shahid Hussain Rizvi, AOR Mr. Nasir Aziz, Adv. Mr. Zeeshan Rizvi, Adv. Mr. S. Guru Krishna Kumar, Sr. Adv. Ms. C. Ankeeta Appanna, AOR Ms. Madhura Chitnis, Adv. Mr. Ashwin K, Adv. Mr. Kailash Prashad Pandey, AOR Mr. Hitesh Kumar Sharma, Adv. Mr. Amit Kumar Chawla, Adv. Mr. S.k Rajora, Adv. Mr. Shiva Nand Sharma, Adv. Mr. Varun Varma, Adv. Mr. Akhileshwar Jha, Adv. Mr. Mahi Pal Singh, Adv. Mr. Rakesh Vishan, Adv. Ms. Swati Vishan, Adv. Ms. Manisha Chawla, Adv. Ms. Charanjeet Sidhu, Adv. Ms. Niharika Dwivedi, Adv. Ms. Yamini Sharma, Adv. Mr. Chaman Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shubham Rajhans, Adv. Mr. Ishank Ranjan, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Sharma, Adv. Mr. Avnish Sharma, Adv. Mr. Anil Rana, Adv. Ms. Divya Mishra, Adv. Ms. Suresh Kumari, Adv. Mr. Devendra Kumar Mishra, Adv. Mr. Prakher Shulka, Adv. Mr. Prateek Srivastava, Adv. Ms. Priyanka Prakash, AOR Mr. K Sai Krishna Mohan Rao, Adv. Mrs. Beena Prakash, Adv. Mr. Anoop R, Adv. Mr. Chand Qureshi, AOR Mr. Aarif Ali, Adv. Mr. Mujahid Ahmad, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Shahzad Naqvi, Adv. Mr. S.s.kazi, Adv. Mr. Mohammad Ateeque, Adv. Mr. Bahar U Barqi, Adv. Mr. Robiul Islam, Adv. Mr. Gowhar Wani, Adv. Mr. Arvind Kumar, Adv. Mr. Sushil Sonkar, Adv. Mr. Mohit Yadav, Adv. Mr. Mohd Asjad, Adv. Mr. Mohd Tauheed, Adv. Mr. Aurangzeb Khan, Adv. Ms. Saima Anjum, Adv. Mr. Raj Kumar Yadav, Adv. Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Verma, Adv. Mr. Pradeep Kumar Yadav, Adv. Ms. Anjale Kumari, Adv. Mr. Deepak Yadav, Adv. Mr. Manish Nagpal, Adv. Mr. Deepak Mishra, Adv. Mr. Sadam Satya Narayana Raja Yadav, Adv. Mr. Sunil Kumar Srivastava, Adv. Mr. Ashwini Garg, Adv. Mr. Sanjeev Malhotra, AOR Mr. R. H. A. Sikander, AOR Dr. Abhishek Manu Sighvi,Sr.Adv. Ms. Fauzia Shakil, AOR Mr. Amit Bhandari,Adv. Ms. Priyansha Sharma,Adv. Mr. Sivagnanam Karthikeyan,Adv. Ms. Tasmiya Taleha,Adv. Mr. Ujjwal Singh , AOR Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Kanu Agarwal, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Kanu Agarwal, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Mr. Manoj K. Mishra, AOR Mr. Umesh Dubey, Adv. Mr. Raj Kumar Mishra, Adv. Ms. Pushpa Mishra, Adv. Ms. Madhulika, Adv. Mr. Ashish Kumar Mishra, Adv. Ms. Vuzmal Nehru, Adv. Mr. Anand Kumar Rai, Adv. Miss Sneha Sanjay Botwe , AOR Applicant-in-person Mr. Abdul Azeem Kalebudde, AOR Mr. Vipin Kumar, AOR M/S. Equity Lex Associates, AOR Ms. Naghma Imtiaz, Adv. Mr. Zargham Ahmed, Adv. Mr. Saif Naseem, Adv. Ms. Seema Khan, Adv. Mr. Tanveer Khan, Adv. Mr. Mukul Rohatgi, Sr. Adv. Ms. Mrinal Gopal Elker, AOR Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Praphulla Kumar Bharat, Advocate General Ms. Ankita Sharma, AOR Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Praphulla Kumar Bharat, Advocate General Ms. Ankita Sharma, AOR Mr. Chandan Kumar, Adv. Mr. Ravi Raj, Adv. Mr. Rajnish Kumar Jha, AOR Mr. Alok Kumar Dwivedi, Adv. Mr. Sakal Dev Sharma, Adv. Mr. Mahendra Kumar, Adv. Mr. Aniket Vijay Seth, AOR Petitioner-in-person Mr. P.V. Dinesh, Sr. Adv. Mr. Subhash Chandran K.r, AOR Ms. Krishna Lr, Adv. Ms. Anna Oommen, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Gulab Inamdar, AOR Mr. Md. Sadath Hussain, AOR Mr. Zeeshan Rizvi, Adv. Mr. Abdul Muqeeth Qureshi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Yusuf Khan, Adv. Mr. Minhajuddin M.shaik, Adv. Mr. Ch Rastrapal, Adv. Mr. Rajiv Kumar Sinha, Adv. Mr. Muhammad Ali Khan, A.A.G. Mr. D. L. Chidananda, AOR Ms. Eesha Bhakshi, Adv. Mr. Shridhar Pottraju, Sr. Adv. Ms. Pratima Nain Lakra, AOR Ms. Mahima Pandey, Adv. Mr. Vikas Lakra, Adv. Mr. Aditya Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shreeyas U Lalit, Adv. Mr. Aakash Dixit, Adv. Mr. Pallav Mongia, Adv. Mr. Devesh Mohan, Adv. Mr. Barun Kumar Sinha, Adv. Mrs. Pratibha Sinha, Adv. Mr. Sneh Vardan, Adv. Mr. Siddant Thakur, Adv. Mr. Himanshu Sood, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Kumar Shukla, Adv. Mr. Bhuwan Raj, AOR Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Sr. Adv. Ms. Neha Rathi, AOR Ms. Kajal Giri, Adv. Ms. Arunima Das, Adv. Ms. Mohini Kumari, Adv. Dr. Sunil Kumar, Adv. Mr. Rajiv Mangla, AOR Mr. Prince, Adv. Ms. Monika, Adv. Mr. Hrithik Jarodia, Adv. Mr. Pravartak Suhas Pathak, AOR Mr. Mukul Singh, Adv. Ms. Aditi Tripathi, Adv. Ms. Himadri Haksar, Adv. Mr. Shubhendu Anand, Adv. Mr. Ritu Raj, Adv. Ms. Shambhavi Kanade, Adv. Mr. Kalyan Bandopadhyay,Sr.Adv. Mr. Avishkar Singhvi,Sr.Adv. Mr. Kunal Mimani, AOR Mr. Prashant Alvi,Adv. Mr. Kausar Raza Faridi, AOR Mr. Abdulla Naseeh V.t., AOR Ms. Abreeda Banu, Adv. Ms. Rachel Sara James, Adv. Mr. A M Dar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Danish Majid, Adv. Ms. Syed Ahra, Adv. Mr. Atiqur Rehman, Adv. Mr. Towseef Ahmad Dar, AOR Mr. Barun Kumar Sinha, Adv. Mrs. Pratibha Sinha, Adv. Mr. Sneh Vardan, Adv. Mr. Siddant Thakur, Adv. Mr. Himanshu Sood, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Kumar Shukla, Adv. Mr. Bhuwan Raj, AOR Mr. Shubail Farook, Adv. Mr. Rizwan Merchant, Adv. Mr. Mohammed Taha Khan, Adv. Mr. Ranjay Kumar Dubey, AOR Mr. Manas P Hameed, Adv. Ms. Mariyamma A. K., AOR Mr. Anil Kumar K P, Adv. Ms. Ipsita Ojal, Adv. Ms. Akansha, AOR Mr. Naman Raj Singh, Adv. Mr. Karan Dang, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Ranjan, Adv. Mr. Hritik Tyagi, Adv. Ms. Bhavika Agrawal, Adv. Ms. Shreya Chopra, Adv. Mr. Prabhat Kumar, AOR Mr. Chander Uday Singh, Sr. Adv. Mr. Rajiv Shakdher, Sr. Adv. Mr. Rauf Rahim, Sr. Adv. Mr. Adeel Ahmed, AOR Mr. Mujeeb Ur Rahman, Adv. Mr. Rahamathulla Kothwal, Adv. Mr. Abdur Razzaque Bhuyan, Adv. Mr. Elias Ahmed, Adv. Ms. Siddika Aisha, Adv. Mr. M Huzaifa, Adv. Mr. Mohammad Mobashshir Aneeq, Adv. Ms. Taqdees Fatima, Adv. Ms. Bidya, Adv. Mr. Karan Khetan, Adv. Mr. Jonathan Ivan Rajan, Adv. Ms. Maithili Moonda, Adv. Mr. Ali Rahim, Adv. Mr. Mohd Ghouse Muddin Khan, Adv. Mr. Jahangir Iqbal, Adv. Ms. Katyayani Suhurd, Adv. Mr. Aamir Hussain, Adv. Mr. Syed Mehdi Imam, AOR Mr. Mohd Parvez Dabas, Adv. Mr. Uzmi Jamil Husain, Adv. Mr. Mohd Noorullah, Adv. Mr. Tabrez Ahmad, Adv. Mr. Atif Suhrawardy, Adv. Mr. Amir Dabas, Adv. Mr. Abid Ali Beeran P, AOR Mr. Sarath S Janardanan, Adv. Mr. Saswat Adhyapak, Adv. Ms. Namita Kumari, Adv. Dr. G Mohan Gopal, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Choudhary, AOR Mr. Shubail Farook, Adv. Mr. Rizwan Merchant, Adv. Mr. Mohammed Taha Khan, Adv. Mr. Ranjay Kumar Dubey, AOR Mr. Chandrashekhar Singh, Adv. Mr. Shashank Shekhar Singh, Adv. Mr. Arjun D. Singh, Adv. Mr. Gaichangpou Gangmei, Adv. Mr. Yimyanger Longkumer, Adv. Mr. Maitreya Mahaley, Adv. Mr. Abhinav Singh, Adv. M/s Ag Veritas Law, AOR Mr. Sandeep Singh, AOR Mr. Ravi Shankar Jandhyala, Sr. Adv. Ms. Aarati Sah, Adv. Mr. Animesh Shukla, Adv. Mr. Ravi Kumar, Adv. Mr. Kumar Abhishek, Adv. Ms. Neha Rai, AOR Dr. Sunil Kumar Agarwal, AOR Mr. P.v. Raghunandan Kooperia, Adv. Mr. Kesavulu Jayakaran, Adv. Mr. Madan Lal Daga, Adv. Mr. Amarjeet Sahani, Adv. Ms. Shweta Bhardwaj, Adv. Ms. Shreya Saurabh, Adv. Mrs. Amita Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Sachin Kumar Srivastava, Adv. Mr. Anuj Kumar Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Vipin Kumar Mishra, Adv. Miss Jaswanthi. A, AOR Ms. Shahrukh Alam, Adv. Mr. Prannv Dhawan, Adv. Mr. Saaket Jain, Adv. Mr. Alok Kumar Dwivedi, Adv. Mr. Ganesh A Khemka, Adv. Mr. Nishant Kumar, Adv. Mr. Shantanu Singh, Adv. Ms. Shivangi Anand, AOR Mr. S. G. Hasnain, Sr. Adv. Mr. Aftab Ali Khan, AOR Mr. M. Z. Chaudhary, Adv. Mr. Ali Safeer Farooqi, Adv. Mr. Brahmjeet Singh, Adv. Mr. Syed Mohd. Fazal, Adv. Mr. Sriram P., AOR Mr. Gaurav Bhatia, Sr. A.A.G. Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, AOR Mr. Ajay Bahuguna, Adv. Mr. Siddhant Yadav, Adv. Mr. Vikas Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Nachiketa Joshi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ayush Anand, AOR Mr. V C Shukla, Adv. Ms. Sindhoora Vnl, Adv. Mr. Aishvarya Vikram, Adv. 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Mr. Sudarshan Lamba, AOR Mr. Anil Kaushik, Adv. Mr. P.V. Yogeswaran, Adv. Mr. Karan Lahiri, Adv. Ms. Astha Singh, Adv. Mr. Gaurang Bhushan, Adv. Ms. Sansriti Pathak, Adv. Mr. Kanu Agarwal, Adv. Mr. K. Parmeshwaran, Adv.

Judgement Key Points

The legal judgment revolves around the constitutional validity and legislative competence of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, and its various provisions. The court emphasizes that the presumption of constitutionality favors the legislation, and the burden of proof lies with those challenging it to demonstrate clear violations of constitutional principles or that the law is manifestly arbitrary (!) (!) .

The court highlights that the amendments are aimed at regulating the management and protection of Waqf properties, with specific provisions to prevent misuse, encroachment, and illegal transfer of properties. The history of Waqf legislation shows a consistent legislative intent to regulate, register, and oversee Waqf properties through mandatory registration, inquiry, and adjudication processes, which have evolved over time to address issues of mismanagement and misuse (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) .

Key provisions challenged include the requirement for a person to demonstrate practicing Islam for at least five years to create a Waqf, which the court finds prima facie reasonable and connected to the legislative intent of ensuring genuine religious practice and preventing misuse. The court notes that such a condition, while not arbitrarily imposed, requires rules to be framed for its effective implementation (!) (!) .

The provisions related to the identification and declaration of Government properties as Waqf are scrutinized, with the court observing that the process involves inquiries by designated officers, but final determination of ownership and title must be made by judicial or quasi-judicial authorities to respect the separation of powers (!) (!) (!) .

The court also considers the restrictions imposed on declaring land belonging to Scheduled Tribes as Waqf, noting that these are aimed at protecting marginalized communities and their cultural and land rights, which are supported by constitutional provisions and statutes designed for their safeguard (!) (!) .

Regarding the composition of the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards, the court recognizes the inclusion of non-Muslim members as a measure to promote diversity and broad-based governance, provided that the number of such members does not exceed specified limits. The court emphasizes that these bodies primarily perform secular, advisory functions and do not interfere with religious practices directly (!) (!) .

The requirement for registration of Waqf properties and the procedures for inquiry and dispute resolution are deemed consistent with historical legislative trends and necessary to curb misuse and enhance transparency. The court observes that the law provides sufficient remedies, including tribunals and appellate mechanisms, to address disputes relating to Waqf properties (!) (!) (!) .

Finally, the court concludes that no substantial case has been made out to stay the entire statute. However, it issues interim directions to stay specific provisions, such as the requirement of demonstrating practicing Islam for five years and certain procedures related to the declaration of Government properties as Waqf, until rules are framed and final adjudication occurs. These measures aim to balance the interests of all parties and uphold constitutional principles during the pendency of the litigation (!) (!) .

Overall, the judgment underscores that the legislative amendments are within constitutional bounds, serve legitimate public interest objectives, and are not arbitrary, while also emphasizing the importance of judicial oversight in final property ownership and title determinations.


JUDGMENT :

B.R. GAVAI, CJI

INTRODUCTION

SUBMISSIONS

i. On behalf of the Petitioners

ii. On behalf of the Respondents

iii. Rejoinder

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

i. Scope of Grant of Interim Relief

ii. Legislative History of Waqf

a. Mussalman Wakf Act, 1923

b. Bengal Wakf Act, 1934

c. Wakf Act, 1954

d. Wakf Enquiry Committee & Wakf (Amendment) Act, 1984

e. Waqf Act, 1995

iii. Consideration of the provisions of the impugned Act

a. Section 4(ix)(a) of the impugned Act

b. Section 4(ix)(b) of the impugned Act

c. Section 5 of the impugned Act (Section 3C of the Amended Waqf Act)

d. Section 5 of the impugned Act (Section 3D of the Amended Waqf Act)

e. Section 5 of the impugned Act (Section 3E of the Amended Waqf Act)

f. Sections 10, 12 and 16 of the impugned Act

g. Section 21 of the impugned Act

h. Section 43 of the impugned Act

i. Section 44 of the impugned Act

j. Section 45 of the impugned Act

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

1. The first five writ petitions in this batch of matters being Writ Petition (Civil) Nos. 276, 314, 284, 331 and 269 of 2025 challenge the validity of several of the Sections of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, 1[Hereinafter referred to as “impugned Act”.] on the ground of they being ultra v

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