2024 Supreme(MP) 43

IN THE HIGH COURT OF MADHYA PRADESH AT INDORE
SUSHRUT ARVIND DHARMADHIKARI, HIRDESH, JJ.
Satish Kumar S/o Girdharilal Batra Dashahara Maidan – Appellant
Versus
State Of M.P. – Respondent
W.A. No. 392 of 2009, W.A. 447 of 2009 & W.P. 11149 of 2010
Decided on : 17-01-2024

Headnote:

(1) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 – Land Acquisition Act, 1894 – Ss. 4, 6, 9 and 12 – delay and laches – writ petition dismissed on ground of delay and laches without examining illegalities in respect of acquisition proceedings – appellants still in possession of land – not given any notice of notification u/ss. 4, 6, 9 and 12 of Act of 1894 – notification issued in year 1994 – no steps taken till date by Housing Board to use land – question of delay and laches will not come in way of appellants and petitioner – otherwise also, on erroneous advice, appellants filed civil suit which was not maintainable and after its dismissal, immediately approached this Court – litigant cannot be made to suffer due to wrong advice by Advocate -- delay condoned. (1981) 2 SCC 788 and (2011) 10 SCC 608 followed. (2016)16 SCC 46, (2020)2 SCC 569, 2012 (13) SCR 29, (2022) 7 SCC 508 and (2007) 9 SCC 304 referred to. [Paras 17 & 20]

(2) Practice -- wrong advice by counsel -- litigant cannot be made to suffer due to wrong advice by Advocate. (1981) 2 SCC 788 followed. [Para 20]

(3) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 1 R. 10 -- application for impleadment as intervenor -- writ jurisdiction cannot be invoked under O. 1 R. 10 of CPC and cannot be made applicable on basis of mere agreements -- agreement does not give any right to agreement holder, except to file suit for specific performance which can only be filed within three years from alleged date of execution of agreement. [Para 21]

(4) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 2 R. 2 and S. 141 -- application of O. 2 R. 2 to writ proceedings -- in realm of writ proceedings, Constitutional mandate takes precedence over procedural rules like O. 2 R. 2 of CPC -- non-applicability of this rule in writ proceedings is rooted in unique nature and purpose of Constitutional remedies -- focus of Courts in writ proceedings is on upholding fundamental rights and serving interests of justice, allowing for more flexible and expansive approach to procedure -- CPC provides framework for regular civil suits -- it cannot fully encapsulate complexities and nuances inherent in Constitutional jurisprudence surrounding writ proceedings. [Para 23.i]

(5) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 2 R. 2 and S. 141 -- application of O. 2 R.2 to writ proceedings -- two writ petitions connected and then de-linked -- once writ Court has categorically held that both writ petitions are of different nature, then subsequently by passing final order, it cannot say by controverting its own previous order that both writ petitions were similar -- writ Court failed to consider its previous order -- hence, dismissing writ petition by applying principles envisaged under O. 2 R. 2 of CPC appears to be unjustified per se. AIR 1965 SC 1153, AIR 1962 SC 1334 and Writ Petition (Civil) No. 59 of 2019 followed. [Paras 23.v & 23.vi]

(6) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 2 R. 2 and S. 141 -- application of O. 2 R. 2 to writ proceedings -- power to issue writs is inherent in High Courts and Supreme Court to enforce fundamental rights -- it is not circumscribed by procedural limitations applicable to ordinary civil suits -- writ proceedings are not concerned with adjudicating private rights between parties -- they focus on protection and enforcement of public and Constitutional rights -- nature of relief sought in writ proceedings is different from that of civil suits, making application of certain procedural provisions, such as O. 2 R. 2, CPC incongruous -- writ proceedings often involve issues of public interest -- Courts are more inclined to address larger Constitutional and public policy concerns rather than being restricted by technical and procedural rules -- overriding objective in writ proceedings is protection of fundamental rights and promotion of justice, which may require flexible approach to procedure -- Single Judge erred in dismissing writ petition by applying principles of O. 2 R. 2, CPC. [Para 25]

(7) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 4 -- M. P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam, 1972 -- Ss. 2(3), 4, 24, 25, 33, 34 and 49 -- legality and validity of notification -- on request of Executive Engineer, Housing Board, Land Acquisition Officer issued notification u/s. 4(1) of Act of 1894 -- Housing Commissioner is Principal Officer of Board -- only Housing Board is empowered to undertake housing scheme -- other officers of Board not competent to frame any scheme or to make any request for acquisition of land for any scheme -- details of land supposed to be acquired not mention in notification -- even survey numbers and names of land owners missing -- held -- non-compliance of mandatory provisions mentioned u/s. 4 of Act of 1894 renders notification void ab initio and non est in eyes of law since inception. Civil Appeal No. 3636 of 2016 decided on 4.2.2020 followed. 2018 (2) MPLJ 411 and 2022 SCC Online SC 933 referred to. [Paras 22.i, 22.iv & 29]

(8) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 4 -- M. P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam, 1972 -- Ss. 2(3), 4, 24, 25, 33, 34 and 49 -- legality and validity of notification -- before filing requisition, Executive Engineer did not obtain any formal approval of scheme from Housing Board -- Housing Board has not obtained any approval for land acquisition from State Government till date -- furthermore, there was no formal request by Board regarding acquisition of land in question -- instead, it was solely Executive Engineer who, without any authority, wrote to Land Acquisition Officer seeking acquisition -- as per mandate of Adhiniyam of 1972, power to make requisition u/s. 49 vests only in Board, not in any other authority -- as per S. 49(1) of Adhiniyam of 1972, approval of scheme from Board is mandatory before applying for land acquisition -- there was also an order of Ministry of Housing and Environment addressed to Housing Commissioner, MPHB, not to initiate any land acquisition proceedings without prior approval from State Government -- therefore, Executive Engineer and Board have not complied with orders of State Government -- such compliance was mandatory -- Executive Engineer made requisition in utter violation of order -- Land Acquisition Officer, i.e., Collector, while issuing notification u/s. 4(1) of Act of 1894, lacks jurisdiction as requisition was not backed by mandatory Government approval as per directions dated 24.12.1983 issued to Collectors of all Districts by Department of Revenue and further a reminder letter dated 28.6.1984 to exercise rights delegated upon them u/s(s). 4, 5, 6 and 17 of Act of 1894, only in case of Government-approved schemes -- also, it was specifically directed to various District Collectors through circular dated 1.11.1990 issued by Department of Revenue of State of MP that no development authority or Housing Development Board shall initiate any land acquisition proceedings in relation to any ceiling-affected land -- therefore, due to lack of jurisdiction, notification is void-abinitio and non-est since inception. 1989 JLJ 501 relied on. [Paras 33 to 37]

(9) Natural Justice -- two fundamental maxims pre-eminently necessary to ensure that law is applied impartially, objectively and fairly -- audi alteram partem and nemo judex in causa sua. [Para 41]

(10) Legal Maxim -- audi alteram partem -- principle of audi alteram partem is highly effective rule devised by Courts to ensure that statutory authority arrives at just decision -- it is calculated to act as healthy check on abuse or misuse of power -- its reach should not be narrowed and its applicability circumscribed. [Para 41.i]

(11) Legal Maxim -- nemo judex in causa sua -- literally translates to “no one should be made a judge in their cause” -- according to this principle, decision-makers must be impartial and unbiased while deciding dispute -- they should not have any personal or financial interest in matter being decided -- nor should they have any preconceived notions about parties involved or subject-matter. [Para 41.ii]

(12) Natural Justice -- this principle is also known as rule against bias -- bias means any operative prejudice, consciously or unconsciously, by judge against party or issue -- rule against bias is broadly based on two principles -- (i) no one should be a judge in his cause -- (ii) justice should not only be done but also seen to be done explicitly. [Para 42]

(13) Administration -- natural justice -- in any administrative proceeding, principles of natural justice play pivotal role -- administrator exercising adjudicatory powers should not have any personal or proprietary interest in outcome of proceedings -- there should not be any reasonable ground for believing that there was likelihood of bias in decision. [Para 43]

(14) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 4 -- M. P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam, 1972 -S. 49(1) -- legality and validity of notification -- existence of sanctioned scheme was a precondition before initiation of land acquisition proceedings -- Board must have approved scheme as well as budgetary allocation and said resolution shall be passed by Board prior to sending of requisition for acquiring land -- prerequisite conditions not complied with -- complying this prerequisite condition after issuance of notification for land acquisition shall not rectify the mistake or mandatory compliances which have to be fulfilled earlier. [Para 47]

(15) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 5A -- draft of order rejecting objections prepared by incompetent person who was subordinate to Land Acquisition Officer -- judicial powers conferred upon statutory postholders cannot be delegated -- this kind of practice is detrimental in judicial parlance. [Para 48]

(16) Procedure -- statute provides that thing is to be done in particular manner -- it has to be done in same manner and in no other manner than manner prescribed -- respondents have not followed said manner -- relief sought by petitioners appears to be reasonable. AIR 1999 SC 3558 and AIR 2001 SC 1512 followed. [Para 52]

(17) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 9 -- no notice issued to land owners -- notice is mandatory condition -- this defect renders land acquisition process ultra vires to law and non-est. (1973) 1 SCC 157, 1992 JLJ 331 (SC) = (1992) 2 SCC 168, (2011) 10 SCC 714 and (2012) 6 SCC 348 followed. AIR 1963 SC 358, (2002) 1 SCC 633, and (2005) 13 SCC 477 referred to. [Para 53]

(18) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 5A -- Constitution of India -- Art. 14 -- contrary to provisions of law, Divisional Commissioner restricted his order to part of land, keeping S. 4 notification operative for remaining land, thereby suo motu extending relief arbitrarily -- such deprivation is deemed to be violation of fundamental right to equality under Art. 14 of Constitution -- State cannot act partially or in discriminatory manner against any individual. Civil Appeal No. 3636 of 2016 decided on 4.2.2020 and AIR 2004 SC 5054 = (2005) 9 SCC 248 followed. [Para 54]

(19) State -- cannot act partially or in discriminatory manner against any individual. [Para 54]

(20) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 11 -- maintainability of petition challenging validity of award -- petitioners/appellants pressed their grievance before this Court in year 1997 and notifications were challenged even before passing of award -- no physical possession of lands in question obtained by State -- held -- appellants have raised their grievance at threshold stage itself -- they cannot be categorized as “fence sitters”. [Para 57]

(21) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 9 and 16 -- possession -- no physical possession ever obtained from appellants or petitioner’s legal heirs -- panchnama produced by respondents mere paperwork -- letters of Executive Engineer, dated 30.9.2004 and 21.9.2004, to Land Acquisition Officer informing the fact of landowners being in possession of land and requesting not to dispossess them and to safeguard crops standing on field placed on record by appellants -- not disputed by respondents -- but surprisingly, respondents claim to have obtained possession on 31.7.2004 by panchnama -- Board has not laid a single brick over land in question even after expiry of 29 years from date of issuance of notification -- no notice ever served by authorities to appellants in one Writ Appeal -- no notice of any kind issued to dwellers of houses and shops, nor to cultivators of standing crops for obtaining possession thereof -- failing to comply with mandatory procedure prescribed in law, possession held not to be obtained from appellants as well as petitioner. (2011) 5 SCC 394 followed. [Paras 59 to 61]

(22) Words and Phrases -- “acquisition” and “requisition” -- land acquisition -- these terms are very different in meaning -- “requisition” is taking possession of property for limited period, in contradistinction to “acquisition” -- orders of requisition and acquisition have different consequences. AIR 1951 SC 41 = 1950 SCR 869 and (1984) 4 SCC 612 followed. (2012) 12 SCC 797distinguished. [Paras 65 & 66]

(23) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 4 and 6 -- notification for acquiring land issued u/s. 4 and subsequent notification u/s. 6 resulting into passing of award declared void ab initio by Land Acquisition Officer and appropriate Government -- affirmed by Court -- nothing remains in such acquisition as whole acquisition process is illegal -- all actions initiated by State Government and its machinery in consequence of such void notifications, such as passing of award, depositing of compensation belatedly and alleged takeover of possession etc. stands nullified per se -- entire land acquisition proceeding quashed -- lands restored in names of their respective owners. [Para 74]

(24) State -- primary duty of State is to work for welfare of public at large. [Para 76]

(25) Constitution of India -- Arts. 226 and 300A -- Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 4 and 6 -- officers of State Government acted without adhering to various statutory provisions which ought to have been complied with -- violated the same causing damages in monetary terms to landowners so also leaving them in mental agony for years together -- they kept on running from pillar to post for safeguarding their own land -- such grave prejudice to public would have vitiated ultimate purpose of land acquisition -- apparent from record that land acquisition proceedings were initiated on legalised colony where people inhabited and on land of ceiling -- State vicariously liable for actions of State officers -- State officials hand-in-glove with officials of Housing Board -- with ulterior motive, they have tried to deprive landowners, i.e., common men from their constitutional right of right to property as enshrined under article 300A of Constitution -- cost saddled on respondents to be payable to appellants/petitioners as compensation. [Paras 76 & 77]

¼1½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 & Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 4] 6] 9 rFkk 12 & foyac rFkk xQyr & vtZu dk;Zokgh ds laca/k esa voS/krkvksa dh iM+rky fd, fcuk fjV ;kfpdk foyac rFkk xQyr ds vk/kkj ij [kkfjt & vihykFkhx.k dk vc Hkh Hkwfe ij dCtk & lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4] 6] 9 rFkk 12 ds v/khu vf/klwpuk dh dksbZ lwpuk ugha nh xbZ & vf/klwpuk o"kZ 1994 esa tkjh dh xbZ & vkt fnukad rd x`g fuekZ.k eaMy }kjk Hkwfe ds mi;ksx ds fy, dksbZ dne ugha mBk, x, & foyac rFkk xQyr dk ç'u vihykFkhZx.k rFkk ;kph ds ekxZ esa jksM+k ugha cusxk & vU;Fkk Hkh] vihykFkhZx.k us xyr lykg ij flfoy okn çLrqr fd;k tks pyus ;ksX; ugha Fkk rFkk mldh [kkfjth ds i'pkr~ vfoyac bl U;k;ky; esa vk, & vf/koäk }kjk xyr lykg fn, tkus ds dkj.k eqdnesckt dk uqdlku ugha fd;k tk ldrk & foyac ekQA ¼1981½ 2 ,llhlh 788 rFkk ¼2011½ 10 ,llhlh 608 vuqlfjrA ¼2016½ 16 ,llhlh 46] ¼2020½ 2 ,llhlh 569] 2012 ¼13½ ,llhvkj 29] ¼2022½ 7 ,llhlh 508 rFkk ¼2007½ 9 ,llhlh 304 fufnZ"VA ¼iSjk 17 ,oa 20½

¼2½ çFkk & dkmUlsy }kjk xyr lykg & vf/koäk }kjk xyr lykg fn, tkus ds dkj.k eqdnesckt dk uqdlku ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ¼1981½ 2 ,llhlh 788 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 20½

¼3½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 & flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 & vkŒ 1 fuŒ 10 & e/;{ksid ds :i esa i{kdkj cuk, tkus ds fy, vkosnu & flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vkŒ 1 fuŒ 10 ds v/khu fjV vf/kdkfjrk dk vkJ; ugha fy;k tk ldrk rFkk ek= djkjksa ds vk/kkj ij mls ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk & djkj ls djkj/kkjd dks fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy, okn çLrqr djus ds flok;] tks djkj ds fu"iknu ds vfHkdfFkr fnukad ls rhu o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] dksbZ vf/kdkj çkIr ugha gksrkA ¼iSjk 21½

¼4½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 & flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 & vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 rFkk /kkjk 141 & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 ykxw gksuk & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa ds {ks= esa lkafo/kkfud vkKk dks flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 tSls çfØ;kRed fu;eksa ij ojh;rk nh tkrh gS & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa ij bl fu;e ds ykxw ugha gksus dk ewy vk/kkj lkafo/kkfud mipkjksa dh vuwBh ç—fr vkSj ç;kstu esa gS & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa U;k;ky;ksa dk /;ku ewy vf/kdkjksa dh iqf"V rFkk U;k;fgr dh iwfrZ djus ij gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k çfØ;k ds çfr vf/kd yphyk vkSj O;kid :[k laHko gksrk gS & flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk esa fu;fer flfoy oknksa ds fy, :ijs[kk micaf/kr gS & og fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vko`Ùk djus okys lkafoèkkfud fof/k 'kkL= esa varfuZfgr tfVyrkvksa vkSj lw{e varjksa dks iw.kZr% laiqfVr ugha dj ldrhA ¼iSjk 23&1½

¼5½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 & flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 & vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 rFkk /kkjk 141 & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 ykxw gksuk & nks fjV ;kfpdk,¡ lac) dh xbZ vkSj fQj vlac) dh xbZ & tc ,d ckj fjV U;k;ky; us lqLi"Vr% vfHkfu/kkZfjr dj fn;k fd nksuksa fjV ;kfpdk,¡ fHkUu ç—fr dh gSa rc ckn esa vafre vkns'k ikfjr dj og vius gh iwoZ rj vkns'k dk çR;k[;ku djrs gq, ;g ugha dg ldrk fd nksuksa fjV ;kfpdk,¡ ,d tSlh Fkha & fjV U;k;ky; us vius iwoZrj vkns'k ij /;ku ugha fn;k & vr% flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 ds v/khu ifjdfYir fl)kar ykxw dj fjV ;kfpdk [kkfjt djuk vius vki esa vU;k;iw.kZ çrhr gksrk gSA ,vkbvkj 1965 ,llh 1153- ,vkbvkj 1962 ,llh 1334 rFkk fjV ;kfpdk ¼flfoy½ Øekad 59 lu~ 2019 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 23&5 ,oa 23&6½

¼6½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 & flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 & vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 rFkk /kkjk 141 & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 ykxw gksuk & mPp U;k;ky;ksa rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; esa ewy vf/kdkj çofrZr djus ds fy, fjV tkjh djus dh 'kfä varfuZfgr gS & og lkekU; flfoy oknksa dks ykxw çfØ;kRed lhekvksa ls ikcan ugha & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dk ljksdkj i{kdkjksa ds e/; O;fäxr vf/kdkjksa ds U;k;fu.kZ;u ls ugha gksrk & og lkoZtuhu rFkk lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k vkSj çorZu ij dsafær gksrh gSa & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa bZfIlr vuqrks"k dh ç—fr flfoy oknksa ls fHkUu gksrh gS] ftlls flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 tSls dfri; çfØ;kRed mica/kksa dks ykxw djuk vlaxr gks tkrk gS & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa cgq/kk yksd fgr ds fook|d varoZfyr gksrs gSa & rduhdh vkSj çfØ;kRed fu;eksa }kjk fucaf/kr gksus ds ctk; U;k;ky;ksa dk >qdko c`gÙkj lkafoèkkfud rFkk lkoZtuhu uhfr fo"k;d eqn~nksa ij fopkj djus dh vksj vf/kd gksrk gS & fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa v/;kjksgh mn~ns'; ewy vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k vkSj U;k; dks cढ+kok nsus dk gksrk gS- ftlesa çfØ;k ds çfr yphyk :[k visf{kr gks ldrk gS & ,dy U;k;k/kh'k us flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vkŒ 2 fuŒ 2 ds fl)kar ykxw djrs gq, fjV ;kfpdk [kkfjt dj xyrh dhA ¼iSjk 25½

¼7½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 4 & eŒçŒ x`g fuekZ.k eaMy vfèkfu;e] 1972 & /kkjk 2¼3½] 4] 24] 25] 34] 34 rFkk 49 & vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk rFkk fof/kekU;rk & x`g fuekZ.k eaMy ds dk;Zikyu ;a=h ds vuqjks/k ij Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh us lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds v/khu vf/klwpuk tkjh dh & x`g fuekZ.k vk;qä eaMy dk ç/kku vf/kdkjh gS & x`g fuekZ.k eaMy gh x`g fuekZ.k ;kstuk çkjaHk djus ds fy, l'kä gS & eaMy ds vU; vf/kdkjh dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk fojfpr djus vFkok fdlh ;kstuk ds fy, Hkwfe ds vtZu dk vuqjks/k djus ds fy, l{ke ugha & ftl Hkwfe dk vtZu visf{kr Fkk mlds C;kSjs vf/klwpuk esa mfYyf[kr ugha & ;g‚a rd fd losZ{k.k la[;kad vkSj HkwfeLokfe;ksa ds uke Hkh ugha & vfHkfu/kkZfjr & lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 esa mfYyf[kr vkKkid micaèkksa ds vuuqikyu ls vf/klwpuk vkjaHk ls gh 'kwU; rFkk çkjaHk ls gh fof/k dh –f"V esa ukfLr gks tkrh gSA flfoy vihy Øekad 3636 lu~ 2016 fu.khZr fnukad 4-2-2020 vuqlfjrA 2018 ¼2½ ,eih,yts 411 rFkk 2022 ,llhlh v‚uykbu ,llh 933 fufnZ"VA ¼iSjk 22&1 22&4 ,oa 29½

¼8½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 4 & eŒçŒ x`g fuekZ.k eaMy vfèkfu;e] 1972 & /kkjk 2¼3½] 4] 24] 25] 33] 34 rFkk 49 & vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk rFkk fof/kekU;rk & vf/kxzg.k Qkby djus ds iwoZ dk;Zikyu ;a=h us x`g fuekZ.k eaMy ls ;kstuk dk vkSipkfjd vuqeksnu vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k & x`g fuekZ.k eaMy us vkt fnukad rd jkT; ljdkj ls Hkwfe vtZu ds fy, vuqeksnu vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k & blds vfrfjä] ç'uxr Hkwfe ds vtZu ds laca/k esa eaMy }kjk dksbZ vkSipkfjd vuqjks/k ugha fd;k x;k Fkk & blds ctk;] ,dek= dk;Zikyu ;a=h gh Fkk ftlus fdlh çkf/kdkj ds fcuk] vtZu dh bZIlk djrs gq, Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh dks fy[kk & lu~ 1972 ds vf/kfu;e dh vkKk ds vuqlkj /kkjk 49 ds v/khu vfèkxzg.k djus dh 'kfä ,dek= eaMy esa fufgr gS] vU; fdlh çkf/kdj.k çkfèkdkjh esa ugha & lu~ 1972 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 49¼1½ ds vuqlkj] Hkwfe vtZu ds fy, vkosnu djus ds iwoZ eaMy }kjk ;kstuk dk vuqeksnu vkKkid gS & jkT; ljdkj ls iwoZvuqeksnu ds fcuk Hkwfe vtZu dh dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh vkjaHk ugha djus dk x`g fuekZ.k vk;qä] eŒçŒ x`g fuekZ.k eaMy dks lacksf/kr vkokl ,oa i;kZoj.k ea=ky; dk ,d vkns'k Hkh Fkk & vr% dk;Zikyu ;a=h vkSj eaMy us jkT; ljdkj ds vkns'kksa dk vuqikyu ugha fd;k & ;g vuqikyu vkKkid Fkk & dk;Zikyu ;a=h us vkns'k dk ?kksj vfrØe.k djrs gq, vf/kxzg.k fd;k & Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh vFkkZr~ dysDVj lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds v/khu vf/klwpuk tkjh djrs le; vf/kdkfjrkjfgr Fkk D;ksafd vf/kxzg.k jktLo foHkkx }kjk leLr ftyksa ds dysDVjksa dks tkjh funs'k fnukad 24-12-1983 ds vuqlkj vkKkid ljdkjh vuqeksnu }kjk lefFkZr ugha Fkk & blds vfrfjä] lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh èkkjk 4] 5- 6 rFkk 17 ds v/khu mUgsa çR;k;ksftr vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ksx dsoy ljdkj }kjk vuqeksfnr ;kstukvksa ds ekeys esa gh djus dk Lej.ki= fnukad 28-6-1984 Hkh Fkk & blds vfrfjä- jktLo foHkkx }kjk tkjh ifji= fnukad 1-11-1990 ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu dysDVjksa dks fofufnZ"Vr% funs'k fn;k x;k Fkk fd vf/kdre lhek ls çHkkfor fdlh Hkh Hkwfe ds laca/k esa dksbZ Hkh fodkl çf/kdj.k ;k x`g fuekZ.k eaMy Hkwfe vtZu dk;Zokgh vkjaHk ugha djsxk & vr% vf/kdkfjrk ds vHkko ds dkj.k] vfèklwpuk vkjaHk ls gh 'kwU; rFkk çkjaHk ls gh ukfLr gSA 1989 ts,yts 501 voyafcrA ¼iSjk 33 ls 37½

¼9½ uSlfxZd U;k; & ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd fof/k fu"i{krk ls- oLrqijdrk ls rFkk _tqrk ls ykxw gks] nks ewyHkwr lw= fo'ks"kr% vko';d gSa & ^^nwljs i{k dks Hkh lquks** rFkk ^^fdlh O;fä dks mlds ekeys esa fu.kkZ;d ugha cukuk pkfg,**A ¼iSjk 41½

¼10½ fof/kd lw= & nwljs i{k dks Hkh lquks & nwljs i{k dks Hkh lquus dk fl)kar U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fudkyk x;k cgqr gh çHkkoh fu;e gS fd dkuwuh çkf/kdkjh _tq fofu'p; djs & bldk 'kfä ds nq:i;ksx ;k xyr mi;ksx dh lgh jksdFkke ds :i esa dk;Z djuk vkdfyr gS & bldh igq¡p dks ladqfpr vkSj ykxw gksus dks lhfer ugha djuk pkfg,A ¼iSjk 41&5½

¼11½ fof/kd lw= & useks T;wfMDl bu dkmlk lqvk & oLrqr% Hkk"kkarj.k ^^fdlh Hkh O;fä dks mlds ekeys esa fu.kkZ;d ugha cukuk pkfg,** gS & bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] fookn dk fofu'p;u djrs le; fofu'p;drkZvksa dks fu"i{k vkSj i{kikrjfgr gksuk vko';d gS & fofuf'pr fd, tkus okys ekeys esa mudk dksbZ O;fäxr ;k vkfFkZd fgr ugha gksuk pkfg, & u varoZfyr i{kdkjksa ;k fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa mudh dksbZ iwoZ/kkj.kk,¡ gh gksuk pkfg,A ¼iSjk 41&2½

¼12½ uSlfxZd U;k; & ;g fl)kar i{kikr ds fo:) fu;e ds :i esa Hkh Kkr gS & i{kikr dk vFkZ gS U;k;k/kh'k dk fdlh i{kdkj ;k fook|d ds fo:)] lpsru ;k vpsru] dksbZ Hkh çorZu'khy iwokZxzg & i{kikr ds fo:) fu;e LFkwyr% nks fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS & ¼1½ fdlh dks vius ekeys esa fu.kkZ;d ugha gksuk pkfg, & ¼1½ U;k; fd;k gh ugha tkuk pkfg,] vfirq Li"Vr% fd;k x;–';eku Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ¼iSjk 42½

¼13½ ç'kklu & uSlfxZd U;k; & fdlh Hkh ç'kklfud dk;Zokgh esa] uSlfxZd U;k; ds fl)kar fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa & U;k;fu.kZ;u dh 'kfä ç;qä djus okys ç'kkld dk dk;Zokgh ds ifj.kke esa dksbZ O;fäxr ;k lkaifÙkd fgr ugha gksuk pkfg, & ;g fo'okl djus dk dksbZ ;qfä;qä vk/kkj ugha gksuk pkfg, fd fofu'p; esa i{kikr dh laHkkouk FkhA ¼iSjk 43½

¼14½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 4 & eŒçŒ x`g fuekZ.k eaMy vfèkfu;e] 1972 & /kkjk 49¼1½ & vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk rFkk fof/kekU;rk & Hkwfe vtZu dk;Zokgh vkjaHk fd, tkus ds iwoZ eatwjh çkIr ;kstuk dk vfLrRo gksuk iwoZ'krZ Fkh & eaMy }kjk ;kstuk dk vuqeksnu gksus ds lkFk gh ctV vkcaVu gksuk rFkk Hkwfe vftZr djus ds fy, vf/kxzg.k çsf"kr djus ds iwoZ eaMy }kjk mä ladYi ikfjr gksuk & bu iwokZisf{kr 'krksZ dk vuqikyu ugha gqvk & Hkwfe vtZu ds fy, vfèklwpuk tkjh fd, tkus ds mijkar bl iwokZisf{kr 'krZ ds vuqikyu ls Hkwy&lqèkkj vFkok og vkKkid vuqikyu ugha gksaxs ftUgsa igys iwjk fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA ¼iSjk 47½

¼15½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 5d & vk{ksi ukeatwj djus ds vkns'k dk çk:i ,sls v{ke O;fä }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k tks Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh ds v/khuLFk Fkk & dkuwuh in/kkjdksa dks çnÙk U;kf;d 'kfä;‚a çR;k;ksftr ugha dh tk ldrha & bl çdkj dh çFkk U;kf;d cksypky esa vfgrdj gSA ¼iSjk 48½

¼16½ çFkk & dkuwu esa micaf/kr fd dk;Z ,d fof'k"V jhfr esa fd;k tkuk gS & mls mlh jhfr esa fd;k tkuk gksrk gS] fofgr jhfr ls brj fdlh jhfr esa ugha & çR;FkhZx.k us mä jhfr dk vuqlj.k ugha fd;k & ;kphx.k }kjk bZfIlr vuqrks"k ;qfä;qä çrhr gksrk gSA ,vkbvkj 1999 ,llh 3558 rFkk ,vkbvkj 2001 ,llh 1512 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 52½

¼17½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 9 & HkwfeLokfe;ksa dks dksbZ lwpuki= tkjh ugha & lwpuk vkKkid 'krZ gS & bl =qfV ls Hkwfe vtZu çfØ;k fof/k ds vf/kdkjkrhr rFkk ukfLr gks tkrh gSA ¼1973½ 1 ,llhlh 157] 1992 ts,yts 331 ¼mPpre U;k;ky;½ % ¼1992½ 2 ,llhlh 168] ¼2011½ 10 ,llhlh 714 rFkk ¼2012½ 6 ,llhlh 348 vuqlfjrA ,vkbvkj 1963 ,llh 358] ¼2002½ 1 ,llhlh 633 rFkk ¼2005½ 13 ,llhlh 477 fufnZ"VA ¼iSjk 53½

¼18½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 5d & Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 14 & fof/k ds mica/kksa ds çfrdwy] laHkkxh; vk;qä us viuk vkns'k] 'ks"k Hkwfe ds fy, /kkjk 4 dh vf/klwpuk çorZuh; j[krs gq,] Hkwfe ds ,d Hkkx rd lhfer dj rn~nokjk vuqrks"k euekus ढx ls fn;k ढ ,slk oapu lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 ds v/khu lekurk ds ewy vf/kdkj dk vfrØe.k le>k tk,xk & jkT; i{kikr ls vFkok fdlh O;fä ds fo:) foHksndkjh jhfr ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA flfoy vihy Øekad 3636 lu~ 2016 fu.khZr fnukad 4-2-2020 rFkk ,vkbvkj 2004 ,llh 5054 % ¼2005½ 9 ,llhlh 248 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 54½

¼19½ jkT; & i{kikr ls vFkok fdlh O;fä ds fo:) foHksndkjh jhfr ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA ¼iSjk 54½

¼20½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 & Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & èkkjk 11 & vf/kfu.kZ; dh fof/kekU;rk vkf{kIr djus okyh ;kfpdk pyus ;ksX; gksuk & ;kphx.k@vihykFkhZx.k bl U;k;ky; ds le{k viuh f'kdk;r o"kZ 1997 esa ysdj vk, rFkk vf/kfu.kZ; ikfjr fd, tkus ds iwoZ gh vf/klwpuk,¡ vkf{kIr dj nh xbZ Fkha & jkT; }kjk Hkwfe dk dCtk vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k x;k & vfHkfu/kkZfjr & vihykFkhZx.k us viuh f'kdk;r çkjafHkd çØe ij gh dj nh Fkh & mUgsa ^^rVLFk jgus okyksa** ds :i esa oxhZ—r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ¼iSjk 57½

¼21½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 9 rFkk 16 & dCtk & vihykFkhZx.k vFkok ;kph ds fof/kd okfjlksa ls dHkh HkkSfrd dCtk vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k x;k & çR;FkhZx.k }kjk is'k fd;k x;k iapukek dkxth dk;Zokgh ek= & Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh dks Hkwfe ij HkwfeLokfe;ksa dk dCtk gksus ds rF; dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, rFkk mUgsa csdCtk ugha djus vkSj [ksrksa esa [kM+h Qly dh j{kk djus dk vuqjks/k djrs gq, dk;Zikyu ;a=h ds i= fnukad 30-9-2004 rFkk 21-9-2004 vihykFkhZx.k }kjk vfHkys[k ij çLrqr & çR;FkhZx.k }kjk fookfnr ugha & ijarq vk'p;Ztud :i ls] çR;FkhZx.k iapukes ds ek/;e ls 31-7-2004 dks dCtk vfHkçkIr djus dk nkok dj jgs gSa & eaMy us vf/klwpuk tkjh fd, tkus ds fnukad ls 29 o"kZ ds volku ds i'pkr~ Hkh ç'uxr Hkwfe ij ,d bZaV rd ugha yxkbZ & ,d fjV vihy ds vihykFkhZx.k dks çkf/kdkjhx.k }kjk dHkh lwpuki= dh rkehy ugha dh xbZ & u rks Hkouksa vkSj nqdkuksa ds jgokfl;ksa dks vkSj u [kM+h gqbZ Qlyksa ds Ñ"kdksa dks gh mudk dCtk vfHkçkIr djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lwpuki= tkjh fd, x, & fof/k esa fofgr vkKkid çfØ;k dk vuqikyu djus esa vlQy jgus ds dkj.k vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd vihykFkhZx.k ds lkFk&lkFk ;kph ls dCtk vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k x;kA ¼2011½ 5 ,llhlh 394 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 59 ls 61½

¼22½ 'kCn rFkk okD;ka'k & ^^vtZu** rFkk ^^vf/kxzg.k** & Hkwfe vtZu dk lanHkZ & bu inksa ds vFkZ vR;f/kd fHkUUu gSa & ^^vtZu** ls lqfHkUu] ^^vf/kxzg.k** lhfer vof/k ds fy, laifÙk dk dCtk ysuk gS & vf/kxzg.k rFkk vtZu ds vkns'kksa ds fHkUu ifj.kke gksrs gSaA ,vkbvkj 1951 ,llh 41 % 1950 ,llhvkj 869 rFkk ¼1984½ 4 ,llhlh 612 vuqlfjrA ¼2012½ 12 ,llhlh 797 çHksfnrA ¼iSjk 65 ,oa 66½

¼23½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 4 rFkk 6 & /kkjk 4 ds v/khu Hkwfe vftZr djus ds fy, tkjh vf/klwpuk rFkk vf/kfu.kZ; ds ikj.k esa Qfyr gksus okyh /kkjk 6 ds v/khu ijorhZ vf/klwpuk Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh rFkk leqfpr ljdkj }kjk vkjaHk ls gh 'kwU; ?kksf"kr & U;k;ky; }kjk vfHkiq"V & ,sls vtZu esa dqN 'ks"k ugha jgrk D;ksafd vtZu dh laiw.kZ çfØ;k voS/k gS & jkT; ljdkj vkSj mlds ra= }kjk ,slh 'kwU; vf/klwpukvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkjaHk dh xbZ lHkh dkjZokb;k¡] tSls vf/kfu.kZ; ikfjr djuk] çfrdj foyac ls fuf{kIr djuk rFkk vfHkdfFkrr% dCtk ysuk vkfn] Loeso v—r gks tkrh gSa & Hkwfe vtZu dh laiw.kZ dk;Zokgh vfHk[kafMr & Hkwfe rRlacaf/kr Lokfe;ksa ds uke ij çR;kofrZrA ¼iSjk 74½

¼24½ jkT; & jkT; dk çkFkfed drZO; vke turk ds dY;k.k ds fy, dk;Z djus dk gSA ¼iSjk 76½

¼25½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn 226 rFkk 300d & Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 & /kkjk 4 rFkk 6 & jkT; ljdkj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa us ,sls fofHkUu dkuwuh micaèkksa dk ikyu fd, fcuk dk;Z fd;k ftudk vuqikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk & mudk vfrØe.k fd;k] ftlls HkwfeLokfe;ksa dk uqdlku gksus ds lkFk gh og vusdksa o"kksZ rd ekufld osnuk esa jgs & viuh Hkwfe dh j{kk ds fy, nj&nj HkVdrs jgs & turk dks bruh ?kksj gkfu gksus ds dkj.k Hkwfe vtZu dk vk/kkjHkwr ç;kstu nwf"kr gks tkrk gS & vfHkys[k ls çdV fd Hkwfe vtZu dk;Zokgh fof/klEer d‚yksuh esa] tg‚ yksx jg jgs Fks] rFkk vf/kdre tksr dh Hkwfe ij vkjaHk dh xbZ & jkT; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds —R;ksa ds fy, jkT; dk çfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro gS & jkT; ds inèkkfj;ksa dh x`g fuekZ.k eaMy ds in/kkfj;ksa ls feyhHkxr & mUgksaus] varjLFk gsrq ls] lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 300d esa çfr"Bkfir laifÙk ds vf/kdkj ds lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkj ls HkwfeLokfe;ksa vFkkZr~ vke vkneh dks oafpr djus dk ç;kl fd;k & çR;Fkhx.k ij ifjO;; vf/kjksfir] tks vihykFkhZx.k@;kph dks çfrdj ds :i esa lans; gksxkA ¼iSjk 76 ,oa 77½

¼1½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 4- 6- 9 rFkk 12 && foyac rFkk xQyr && vtZu dk;Zokgh ds laca/k esa voS/krkvksa dh iM+rky fd, fcuk fjV ;kfpdk foyac rFkk xQyr ds vk/kkj ij [kkfjt && vihykFkhx.k dk vc Hkh Hkwfe ij dCtk && lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4] 6] 9 rFkk 12 ds v/khu vf/klwpuk dh dksbZ lwpuk ugha nh xbZ && vf/klwpuk o"kZ 1994 esa tkjh dh xbZ && vkt fnukad rd x`g fuekZ.k eaMy }kjk Hkwfe ds mi;ksx ds fy, dksbZ dne ugha mBk, x, && foyac rFkk xQyr dk ç'u vihykFkhZx.k rFkk ;kph ds ekxZ esa jksM+k ugha cusxk && vU;Fkk Hkh] vihykFkhZx.k us xyr lykg ij flfoy okn çLrqr fd;k tks pyus ;ksX; ugha Fkk rFkk mldh [kkfjth ds i'pkr~ vfoyac bl U;k;ky; esa vk, && vf/koäk }kjk xyr lykg fn, tkus ds dkj.k eqdnesckt dk uqdlku ugha fd;k tk ldrk && foyac ekQA ¼1981½ 2 ,llhlh 788 rFkk ¼2011½ 10 ,llhlh 608 vuqlfjrA ¼2016½ 16 ,llhlh 46] ¼2020½2 ,llhlh 569] 2012 ¼13½ ,llhvkj 29] ¼2022½ 7 ,llhlh 508 rFkk ¼2007½ 9 ,llhlh 304 fufnZ"VA ¼iSjk 17 ,oa 20

¼2½ çFkk && dkmUlsy }kjk xyr lykg && vf/koäk }kjk xyr lykg fn, tkus ds dkj.k eqdnesckt dk uqdlku ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ¼1981½ 2 ,llhlh 788 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 20

¼3½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 && vk- 1 fu- 10 && e/;{ksid ds :i esa i{kdkj cuk, tkus ds fy, vkosnu && flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vk-1 fu- 10 ds v/khu fjV vf/kdkfjrk dk vkJ; ugha fy;k tk ldrk rFkk ek= djkjksa ds vk/kkj ij mls ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrk && djkj ls djkj/kkjd dks fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy, okn çLrqr djus ds flok;] tks djkj ds fu"iknu ds vfHkdfFkr fnukad ls rhu o"kZ ds Hkhrj gh çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] dksbZ vf/kdkj çkIr ugha gksrkA ¼iSjk 21

¼4½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 && vk-2 fu- 2 rFkk /kkjk 141 && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vk-2 fu- 2 ykxw gksuk && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa ds {ks= esa lkafo/kkfud vkKk dks flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vk- 2 fu- 2 tSls çfØ;kRed fu;eksa ij ojh;rk nh tkrh gS && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa ij bl fu;e ds ykxw ugha gksus dk ewy vk/kkj lkafo/kkfud mipkjksa dh vuwBh ç—fr vkSj ç;kstu esa gS && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa U;k;ky;ksa dk /;ku ewy vf/kdkjksa dh iqf"V rFkk U;k;fgr dh iwfrZ djus ij gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k çfØ;k ds çfr vf/kd yphyk vkSj O;kid :[k laHko gksrk gS && flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk esa fu;fer flfoy oknksa ds fy, :ijs[kk micaf/kr gS && og fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vko`Ùk djus okys lkafoèkkfud fof/k 'kkL= esa varfuZfgr tfVyrkvksa vkSj lw{e varjksa dks iw.kZr% laiqfVr ugha dj ldrhA ¼iSjk 23i

¼5½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 && vk- 2 fu- 2 rFkk /kkjk 141 && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vk-2 fu- 2 ykxw gksuk && nks fjV ;kfpdk,¡ lac) dh xbZa vkSj fQj vlac) dh xbZa && tc ,d ckj fjV U;k;ky; us lqLi"Vr% vfHkfu/kkZfjr dj fn;k fd nksuksa fjV ;kfpdk,¡ fHkUu ç—fr dh gSa- rc ckn esa vafre vkns'k ikfjr dj og vius gh iwoZrj vkns'k dk çR;k[;ku djrs gq, ;g ugha dg ldrk fd nksuksa fjV ;kfpdk,¡ ,d tSlh Fkha && fjV U;k;ky; us vius iwoZrj vkns'k ij /;ku ugha fn;k && vr%- flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vk- 2 fu- 2 ds v/khu ifjdfYir fl)kar ykxw dj fjV ;kfpdk [kkfjt djuk vius vki esa vU;k;iw.kZ çrhr gksrk gSA ,vkbvkj 1965 ,llh 1153- ,vkbvkj 1962 ,llh 1334 rFkk fjV ;kfpdk ¼flfoy½ Ø- 59 lu~ 2019 vuqlfjrA Paras 23.v & 23.vi

¼6½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 && vk- 2 fu- 2 rFkk /kkjk 141 && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dks vk-2 fu- 2 ykxw gksuk && mPp U;k;ky;ksa rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; esa ewy vf/kdkj çofrZr djus ds fy, fjV tkjh djus dh 'kfä varfuZfgr gS && og lkekU; flfoy oknksa dks ykxw çfØ;kRed lhekvksa ls ikcan ugha && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa dk ljksdkj i{kdkjksa ds e/; O;fäxr vf/kdkjksa ds U;k;fu.kZ;u ls ugha gksrk && og lkoZtuhu rFkk lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k vkSj çorZu ij dsafær gksrh gSa && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa bZfIlr vuqrks"k dh ç—fr flfoy oknksa ls fHkUu gksrh gS] ftlls flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vk- 2 fu- 2 tSls dfri; çfØ;kRed mica/kksa dks ykxw djuk vlaxr gks tkrk gS && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa cgq/kk yksd fgr ds fook|d varoZfyr gksrs gSa && rduhdh vkSj çfØ;kRed fu;eksa }kjk fucaZf/kr gksus ds ctk; U;k;ky;ksa dk >qdko c`gÙkj lkafoèkkfud rFkk lkoZtuhu uhfr fo"k;d eqíksa ij fopkj djus dh vksj vf/kd gksrk gS && fjV dk;Zokfg;ksa esa v/;kjksgh mís'; ewy vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k vkSj U;k; dks cढ+kok nsus dk gksrk gS- ftlesa çfØ;k ds çfr yphyk :[k visf{kr gks ldrk gS && ,dy U;k;k/kh'k us flfoy çfØ;k lafgrk ds vk- 2 fu- 2 ds fl)kar ykxw djrs gq, fjV ;kfpdk [kkfjt dj xyrh dhA ¼iSjk 25

¼7½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 4 && e-ç- x`g fuekZ.k eaMy vfèkfu;e] 1972 && /kkjk 2¼3½] 4] 24] 25] 34] 34 rFkk 49 && vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk rFkk fof/kekU;rk && x`g fuekZ.k eaMy ds dk;Zikyu ;a=h ds vuqjks/k ij Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh us lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds v/khu vf/klwpuk tkjh dh && x`g fuekZ.k vk;qä eaMy dk ç/kku vf/kdkjh gS && x`g fuekZ.k eaMy gh x`g fuekZ.k ;kstuk çkjaHk djus ds fy, l'kä gS && eaMy ds vU; vf/kdkjh dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk fojfpr djus vFkok fdlh ;kstuk ds fy, Hkwfe ds vtZu dk vuqjks/k djus ds fy, l{ke ugha && ftl Hkwfe dk vtZu visf{kr Fkk mlds C;kSjs vf/klwpuk esa mfYyf[kr ugha && ;g‚a rd fd losZ{k.k la[;kad vkSj HkwfeLokfe;ksa ds uke Hkh ugha && vfHkfu/kkZfjr && lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 esa mfYyf[kr vkKkid micaèkksa ds vuuqikyu ls vf/klwpuk vkjaHk ls gh 'kwU; rFkk çkjaHk ls gh fof/k dh –f"V esa ukfLr gks tkrh gSA flfoy vihy Ø- 3636 lu~ 2016 fu.khZr fnukad 4-2-2020 vuqlfjrA 2018 ¼2½ ,eih,yts 411 rFkk 2022 ,llhlh v‚uykbu ,llh 933 fufnZ"VA [Paras 22.i, 22.iv & 29

¼8½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 4 && e-ç- x`g fuekZ.k eaMy vfèkfu;e] 1972 && /kkjk 2¼3½] 4] 24] 25] 33] 34 rFkk 49 && vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk rFkk fof/kekU;rk && vf/kxzg.k Qkby djus ds iwoZ dk;Zikyu ;a=h us x`g fuekZ.k eaMy ls ;kstuk dk vkSipkfjd vuqeksnu vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k && x`g fuekZ.k eaMy us vkt fnukad rd jkT; ljdkj ls Hkwfe vtZu ds fy, vuqeksnu vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k && blds vfrfjä] ç'uxr Hkwfe ds vtZu ds laca/k esa eaMy }kjk dksbZ vkSipkfjd vuqjks/k ugha fd;k x;k Fkk && blds ctk;] ,dek= dk;Zikyu ;a=h gh Fkk ftlus fdlh çkf/kdkj ds fcuk] vtZu dh bZIlk djrs gq, Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh dks fy[kk && lu~ 1972 ds vf/kfu;e dh vkKk ds vuqlkj /kkjk 49 ds v/khu vfèkxzg.k djus dh 'kfä ,dek= eaMy esa fufgr gS] vU; fdlh çkf/kdj.k çkfèkdkjh esa ugha && lu~ 1972 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 49¼1½ ds vuqlkj] Hkwfe vtZu ds fy, vkosnu djus ds iwoZ eaMy }kjk ;kstuk dk vuqeksnu vkKkid gS && jkT; ljdkj ls iwoZvuqeksnu ds fcuk Hkwfe vtZu dh dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh vkjaHk ugha djus dk x`g fuekZ.k vk;qä] e-ç- x`g fuekZ.k eaMy dks lacksf/kr vkokl ,oa i;kZoj.k ea=ky; dk ,d vkns'k Hkh Fkk && vr%- dk;Zikyu ;a=h vkSj eaMy us jkT; ljdkj ds vkns'kksa dk vuqikyu ugha fd;k && ;g vuqikyu vkKkid Fkk && dk;Zikyu ;a=h us vkns'k dk ?kksj vfrØe.k djrs gq, vf/kxzg.k fd;k && Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh vFkkZr~ dysDVj lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4¼1½ ds v/khu vf/klwpuk tkjh djrs le; vf/kdkfjrkjfgr Fkk D;ksafd vf/kxzg.k jktLo foHkkx }kjk leLr ftyksa ds dysDVjksa dks tkjh funs'k fnukad 24-12-1983 ds vuqlkj vkKkid ljdkjh vuqeksnu }kjk lefFkZr ugha Fkk && blds vfrfjä] lu~ 1894 ds vf/kfu;e dh èkkjk 4- 5- 6 rFkk 17 ds v/khu mUgsa çR;k;ksftr vf/kdkjksa dk ç;ksx dsoy ljdkj }kjk vuqeksfnr ;kstukvksa ds ekeys esa gh djus dk Lej.ki= fnukad 28-6-1984 Hkh Fkk && blds vfrfjä- jktLo foHkkx }kjk tkjh ifji= fnukad 1-11-1990 ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu dysDVjksa dks fofufnZ"Vr% funs'k fn;k x;k Fkk fd vf/kdre lhek ls çHkkfor fdlh Hkh Hkwfe ds laca/k esa dksbZ Hkh fodkl çf/kdj.k ;k x`g fuekZ.k eaMy Hkwfe vtZu dk;Zokgh vkjaHk ugha djsxk && vr%- vf/kdkfjrk ds vHkko ds dkj.k- vfèklwpuk vkjaHk ls gh 'kwU; rFkk çkjaHk ls gh ukfLr gSA 1989 ts,yts 501 voyafcrA ¼iSjk 33 ls 37

¼9½ uSlfxZd U;k; && ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd fof/k fu"i{krk ls- oLrqijdrk ls rFkk _tqrk ls ykxw gks] nks ewyHkwr lw= fo'ks"kr% vko';d gSa && Þnwljs i{k dks Hkh lquksß rFkk Þfdlh O;fä dks mlds ekeys esa fu.kkZ;d ugha cukuk pkfg,ßA ¼iSjk 41

¼10½ fof/kd lw= && nwljs i{k dks Hkh lquks && nwljs i{k dks Hkh lquus dk fl)kar U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fudkyk x;k cgqr gh çHkkoh fu;e gS fd dkuwuh çkf/kdkjh _tq fofu'p; djs && bldk 'kfä ds nq:i;ksx ;k xyr mi;ksx dh lgh jksdFkke ds :i esa dk;Z djuk vkdfyr gS && bldh igq¡p dks ladqfpr vkSj ykxw gksus dks lhfer ugha djuk pkfg,A [Para 41.i

¼11½ fof/kd lw= && useks T;wfMDl bu dkmlk lqvk && oLrqr% Hkk"kkarj.k Þfdlh Hkh O;fä dks mlds ekeys esa fu.kkZ;d ugha cukuk pkfg,ß gS && bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] fookn dk fofu'p;u djrs le; fofu'p;drkZvksa dks fu"i{k vkSj i{kikrjfgr gksuk vko';d gS && fofuf'pr fd, tkus okys ekeys esa mudk dksbZ O;fäxr ;k vkfFkZd fgr ugha gksuk pkfg, && u varoZfyr i{kdkjksa ;k fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa mudh dksbZ iwoZ/kkj.kk,¡ gh gksuk pkfg,A [Para 41.ii

¼12½ uSlfxZd U;k; && ;g fl)kar i{kikr ds fo:) fu;e ds :i esa Hkh Kkr gS && i{kikr dk vFkZ gS U;k;k/kh'k dk fdlh i{kdkj ;k fook|d ds fo:)- lpsru ;k vpsru] dksbZ Hkh çorZu'khy iwokZxzg && i{kikr ds fo:) fu;e LFkwyr% nks fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS && ¼1½ fdlh dks vius ekeys esa fu.kkZ;d ugha gksuk pkfg, && ¼2½ U;k; fd;k gh ugha tkuk pkfg,] vfirq Li"Vr% fd;k x;k –';eku Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ¼iSjk 42

¼13½ ç'kklu && uSlfxZd U;k; && fdlh Hkh ç'kklfud dk;Zokgh esa- uSlfxZd U;k; ds fl)kar fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa && U;k;fu.kZ;u dh 'kfä ç;qä djus okys ç'kkld dk dk;Zokgh ds ifj.kke esa dksbZ O;fäxr ;k lkaifÙkd fgr ugha gksuk pkfg, && ;g fo'okl djus dk dksbZ ;qfä;qä vk/kkj ugha gksuk pkfg, fd fofu'p; esa i{kikr dh laHkkouk FkhA¼iSjk 43

¼14½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 4 && e-ç- x`g fuekZ.k eaMy vfèkfu;e] 1972 && /kkjk 49¼1½ && vf/klwpuk dh oS/krk rFkk fof/kekU;rk && Hkwfe vtZu dk;Zokgh vkjaHk fd, tkus ds iwoZ eatwjhçkIr ;kstuk dk vfLrRo gksuk iwoZ'krZ Fkh && eaMy }kjk ;kstuk dk vuqeksnu gksus ds lkFk gh ctV vkcaVu gksuk rFkk Hkwfe vftZr djus ds fy, vf/kxzg.k çsf"kr djus ds iwoZ eaMy }kjk mä ladYi ikfjr gksuk && bu iwokZisf{kr 'krksaZ dk vuqikyu ugha gqvk && Hkwfe vtZu ds fy, vfèklwpuk tkjh fd, tkus ds mijkar bl iwokZisf{kr 'krZ ds vuqikyu ls Hkwy&lqèkkj vFkok og vkKkid vuqikyu ugha gksaxs ftUgsa igys iwjk fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA ¼iSjk 47

¼15½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 5d && vk{ksi ukeatwj djus ds vkns'k dk çk:i ,sls v{ke O;fä }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k tks Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh ds v/khuLFk Fkk && dkuwuh in/kkjdksa dks çnÙk U;kf;d 'kfä;‚a çR;k;ksftr ugha dh tk ldrha && bl çdkj dh çFkk U;kf;d cksypky esa vfgrdj gSA ¼iSjk 48

¼16½ çFkk && dkuwu esa micaf/kr fd dk;Z ,d fof'k"V jhfr esa fd;k tkuk gS && mls mlh jhfr esa fd;k tkuk gksrk gS] fofgr jhfr ls brj fdlh jhfr esa ugha && çR;FkhZx.k us mä jhfr dk vuqlj.k ugha fd;k && ;kphx.k }kjk bZfIlr vuqrks"k ;qfä;qä çrhr gksrk gSA ,vkbvkj 1999 ,llh 3558 rFkk ,vkbvkj 2001 ,llh 1512 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 52

¼17½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 9 && HkwfeLokfe;ksa dks dksbZ lwpuki= tkjh ugha && lwpuk vkKkid 'krZ gS && bl =qfV ls Hkwfe vtZu çfØ;k fof/k ds vf/kdkjkrhr rFkk ukfLr gks tkrh gSA ¼1973½ 1 ,llhlh 157] 1992 ts,yts 331 ¼mPpre U;k-½ ¾ ¼1992½ 2 ,llhlh 168] ¼2011½ 10 ,llhlh 714 rFkk ¼2012½ 6 ,llhlh 348 vuqlfjrA ,vkbvkj 1963 ,llh 358] ¼2002½ 1 ,llhlh 633 rFkk ¼2005½ 13 ,llhlh 477 fufnZ"VA [iSjk 53

¼18½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 5d && Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 14 && fof/k ds mica/kksa ds çfrdwy] laHkkxh; vk;qä us viuk vkns'k] 'ks"k Hkwfe ds fy, /kkjk 4 dh vf/klwpuk çorZuh; j[krs gq,] Hkwfe ds ,d Hkkx rd lhfer dj rí~okjk vuqrks"k euekus &#2338ax ls fn;k && ,slk oapu lafo/kku ds vuq- 14 ds v/khu lekurk ds ewy vf/kdkj dk vfrØe.k le>k tk,xk && jkT; i{kikr ls vFkok fdlh O;fä ds fo:) foHksndkjh jhfr ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA flfoy vihy Ø- 3636 lu~ 2016 fu.khZr fnukad 4-2-2020 rFkk ,vkbvkj 2004 ,llh 5054 ¾ ¼2005½ 9 ,llhlh 248 vuqlfjrA [iSjk 54

¼19½ jkT; && i{kikr ls vFkok fdlh O;fä ds fo:) foHksndkjh jhfr ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA iSjk 54

¼20½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && èkkjk 11 && vf/kfu.kZ; dh fof/kekU;rk vkf{kIr djus okyh ;kfpdk pyus ;ksX; gksuk && ;kphx.k@vihykFkhZx.k bl U;k;ky; ds le{k viuh f'kdk;r o"kZ 1997 esa ysdj vk, rFkk vf/kfu.kZ; ikfjr fd, tkus ds iwoZ gh vf/klwpuk,¡ vkf{kIr dj nh xbZ Fkha && jkT; }kjk Hkwfe dk dCtk vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k x;k && vfHkfu/kkZfjr && vihykFkhZx.k us viuh f'kdk;r çkjafHkd çØe ij gh dj nh Fkh && mUgsa ÞrVLFk jgus okyksaß ds :i esa oxhZ—r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ¼iSjk 57

¼21½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 9 rFkk 16 && dCtk && vihykFkhZx.k vFkok ;kph ds fof/kd okfjlksa ls dHkh HkkSfrd dCtk vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k x;k && çR;FkhZx.k }kjk is'k fd;k x;k iapukek dkxth dk;Zokgh ek= && Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh dks Hkwfe ij HkwfeLokfe;ksa dk dCtk gksus ds rF; dh tkudkjh nsrs gq, rFkk mUgsa csdCtk ugha djus vkSj [ksrksa esa [kM+h Qly dh j{kk djus dk vuqjks/k djrs gq, dk;Zikyu ;a=h ds i= fnukad 30-9-2004 rFkk 21-9-2004 vihykFkhZx.k }kjk vfHkys[k ij çLrqr && çR;FkhZx.k }kjk fookfnr ugha && ijarq vk'p;Ztud :i ls] çR;FkhZx.k iapukes ds ek/;e ls 31-7-2004 dks dCtk vfHkçkIr djus dk nkok dj jgs gSa && eaMy us vf/klwpuk tkjh fd, tkus ds fnukad ls 29 o"kZ ds volku ds i'pkr~ Hkh ç'uxr Hkwfe ij ,d bZaV rd ugha yxkbZ && ,d fjV vihy ds vihykFkhZx.k dks çkf/kdkjhx.k }kjk dHkh lwpuki= dh rkehy ugha dh xbZ && u rks Hkouksa vkSj nqdkuksa ds jgokfl;ksa dks- vkSj u [kM+h gqbZ Qlyksa ds Ñ"kdksa dks gh mudk dCtk vfHkçkIr djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh çdkj ds lwpuki= tkjh fd, x, && fof/k esa fofgr vkKkid çfØ;k dk vuqikyu djus esa vlQy jgus ds dkj.k vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd vihykFkhZx.k ds lkFk-lkFk ;kph ls dCtk vfHkçkIr ugha fd;k x;kA ¼2011½ 5 ,llhlh 394 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 59 ls 61

¼22½ 'kCn rFkk okD;ka'k && ÞvtZuß rFkk Þvf/kxzg.kß && Hkwfe vtZu dk lanHkZ && bu inksa ds vFkZ vR;f/kd fHkUUu gSa && ÞvtZuß ls lqfHkUu] Þvf/kxzg.kß lhfer vof/k ds fy, laifÙk dk dCtk ysuk gS && vf/kxzg.k rFkk vtZu ds vkns'kksa ds fHkUu ifj.kke gksrs gSaA ,vkbvkj 1951 ,llh 41 ¾ 1950 ,llhvkj 869 rFkk ¼1984½ 4 ,llhlh 612 vuqlfjrA ¼2012½ 12 ,llhlh 797 çHksfnrA ¼iSjk 65 ,oa 66

¼23½ Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e] 1894 && /kkjk 4 rFkk 6 && /kkjk 4 ds v/khu Hkwfe vftZr djus ds fy, tkjh vf/klwpuk rFkk vf/kfu.kZ; ds ikj.k esa Qfyr gksus okyh /kkjk 6 ds v/khu ijorhZ vf/klwpuk Hkwfe vtZu vf/kdkjh rFkk leqfpr ljdkj }kjk vkjaHk ls gh 'kwU; ?kksf"kr && U;k;ky; }kjk vfHkiq"V && ,sls vtZu esa dqN 'ks"k ugha jgrk D;ksafd vtZu dh laiw.kZ çfØ;k voS/k gS && jkT; ljdkj vkSj mlds ra= }kjk ,slh 'kwU; vf/klwpukvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkjaHk dh xbZ lHkh dkjZokb;k¡] tSls vf/kfu.kZ; ikfjr djuk] çfrdj foyac ls fuf{kIr djuk rFkk vfHkdfFkrr% dCtk ysuk vkfn- Loeso v—r gks tkrh gSa && Hkwfe vtZu dh laiw.kZ dk;Zokgh vfHk[kafMr && Hkwfe rRlacaf/kr Lokfe;ksa ds uke ij çR;kofrZrA ¼iSjk 74

¼24½ jkT; && jkT; dk çkFkfed drZO; vke turk ds dY;k.k ds fy, dk;Z djus dk gSA ¼iSjk 76

¼25½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 rFkk 300d && Hkwfe vtZu vf/kfu;e- 1894 && /kkjk 4 rFkk 6 && jkT; ljdkj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa us ,sls fofHkUu dkuwuh micaèkksa dk ikyu fd, fcuk dk;Z fd;k ftudk vuqikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg, Fkk && mudk vfrØe.k fd;k] ftlls HkwfeLokfe;ksa dk uqdlku gksus ds lkFk gh og vusdksa o"kks± rd ekufld osnuk esa jgs && viuh Hkwfe dh j{kk ds fy, nj&nj HkVdrs jgs && turk dks bruh ?kksj gkfu gksus ds dkj.k Hkwfe vtZu dk vk/kkjHkwr ç;kstu nwf"kr gks tkrk gS && vfHkys[k ls çdV fd Hkwfe vtZu dk;Zokgh fof/klEer d‚yksuh esa] tg‚a yksx jg jgs Fks] rFkk vf/kdre tksr dh Hkwfe ij vkjaHk dh xbZ && jkT; ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds —R;ksa ds fy, jkT; dk çfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro gS && jkT; ds inèkkfj;ksa dh x`g fuekZ.k eaMy ds in/kkfj;ksa ls feyhHkxr && mUgksaus- varjLFk gsrq ls] lafo/kku ds vuq- 300d esa çfr"Bkfir laifÙk ds vf/kdkj ds lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkj ls HkwfeLokfe;ksa vFkkZr~ vke vkneh dks oafpr djus dk ç;kl fd;k && çR;Fkhx.k ij ifjO;; vf/kjksfir] tks vihykFkhZx.k@;kph dks çfrdj ds :i esa lans; gksxkA ¼iSjk 76 ,oa 77

(1) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 4, 6, 9 and 12 – delay and laches -- writ petition dismissed on ground of delay and laches without examining illegalities in respect of acquisition proceedings -- appellants still in possession of land -- not given any notice of notification u/ss. 4, 6, 9 and 12 of Act of 1894 -- notification issued in year 1994 -- no steps taken till date by Housing Board to use land -- question of delay and laches will not come in way of appellants and petitioner -- otherwise also, on erroneous advice, appellants filed civil suit which was not maintainable and after its dismissal, immediately approached this Court -- litigant cannot be made to suffer due to wrong advice by Advocate -- delay condoned. (1981) 2 SCC 788 and (2011) 10 SCC 608 followed. (2016)16 SCC 46, (2020)2 SCC 569, 2012 (13) SCR 29, (2022) 7 SCC 508 and (2007) 9 SCC 304 referred to.

[Paras 17 & 20

(2) Practice -- wrong advice by counsel -- litigant cannot be made to suffer due to wrong advice by Advocate. (1981) 2 SCC 788 followed. [Para 20

(3) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 1 R. 10 -- application for impleadment as intervenor -- writ jurisdiction cannot be invoked under O. 1 R. 10 of CPC and cannot be made applicable on basis of mere agreements -- agreement does not give any right to agreement holder, except to file suit for specific performance which can only be filed within three years from alleged date of execution of agreement. [Para 21

(4) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 2 R. 2 and S. 141 -- application of O. 2 R. 2 to writ proceedings -- in realm of writ proceedings, Constitutional mandate takes precedence over procedural rules like O. 2 R. 2 of CPC -- non-applicability of this rule in writ proceedings is rooted in unique nature and purpose of Constitutional remedies -- focus of Courts in writ proceedings is on upholding fundamental rights and serving interests of justice, allowing for more flexible and expansive approach to procedure -- CPC provides framework for regular civil suits -- it cannot fully encapsulate complexities and nuances inherent in Constitutional jurisprudence surrounding writ proceedings. [Para 23.i

(5) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 2 R. 2 and S. 141 -- application of O. 2 R.2 to writ proceedings -- two writ petitions connected and then de-linked -- once writ Court has categorically held that both writ petitions are of different nature, then subsequently by passing final order, it cannot say by controverting its own previous order that both writ petitions were similar -- writ Court failed to consider its previous order -- hence, dismissing writ petition by applying principles envisaged under O. 2 R. 2 of CPC appears to be unjustified per se. AIR 1965 SC 1153, AIR 1962 SC 1334 and Writ Petition (Civil) No. 59 of 2019 followed. [Paras 23.v & 23.vi

(6) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Civil P. C., 1908 -- O. 2 R. 2 and S. 141 -- application of O. 2 R. 2 to writ proceedings -- power to issue writs is inherent in High Courts and Supreme Court to enforce fundamental rights -- it is not circumscribed by procedural limitations applicable to ordinary civil suits -- writ proceedings are not concerned with adjudicating private rights between parties -- they focus on protection and enforcement of public and Constitutional rights -- nature of relief sought in writ proceedings is different from that of civil suits, making application of certain procedural provisions, such as O. 2 R. 2, CPC incongruous -- writ proceedings often involve issues of public interest -- Courts are more inclined to address larger Constitutional and public policy concerns rather than being restricted by technical and procedural rules -- overriding objective in writ proceedings is protection of fundamental rights and promotion of justice, which may require flexible approach to procedure -- Single Judge erred in dismissing writ petition by applying principles of O. 2 R. 2, CPC. [Para 25

(7) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 4 -- M. P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam, 1972 -- Ss. 2(3), 4, 24, 25, 33, 34 and 49 -- legality and validity of notification -- on request of Executive Engineer, Housing Board, Land Acquisition Officer issued notification u/s. 4(1) of Act of 1894 -- Housing Commissioner is Principal Officer of Board -- only Housing Board is empowered to undertake housing scheme -- other officers of Board not competent to frame any scheme or to make any request for acquisition of land for any scheme -- details of land supposed to be acquired not mention in notification -- even survey numbers and names of land owners missing -- held -- non-compliance of mandatory provisions mentioned u/s. 4 of Act of 1894 renders notification void ab initio and non est in eyes of law since inception. Civil Appeal No. 3636 of 2016 decided on 4.2.2020 followed. 2018 (2) MPLJ 411 and 2022 SCC Online SC 933 referred to. [Paras 22.i, 22.iv & 29

(8) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 4 -- M. P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam, 1972 -- Ss. 2(3), 4, 24, 25, 33, 34 and 49 -- legality and validity of notification -- before filing requisition, Executive Engineer did not obtain any formal approval of scheme from Housing Board -- Housing Board has not obtained any approval for land acquisition from State Government till date -- furthermore, there was no formal request by Board regarding acquisition of land in question -- instead, it was solely Executive Engineer who, without any authority, wrote to Land Acquisition Officer seeking acquisition -- as per mandate of Adhiniyam of 1972, power to make requisition u/s. 49 vests only in Board, not in any other authority -- as per S. 49(1) of Adhiniyam of 1972, approval of scheme from Board is mandatory before applying for land acquisition -- there was also an order of Ministry of Housing and Environment addressed to Housing Commissioner, MPHB, not to initiate any land acquisition proceedings without prior approval from State Government -- therefore, Executive Engineer and Board have not complied with orders of State Government -- such compliance was mandatory -- Executive Engineer made requisition in utter violation of order -- Land Acquisition Officer, i.e., Collector, while issuing notification u/s. 4(1) of Act of 1894, lacks jurisdiction as requisition was not backed by mandatory Government approval as per directions dated 24.12.1983 issued to Collectors of all Districts by Department of Revenue and further a reminder letter dated 28.6.1984 to exercise rights delegated upon them u/s(s). 4, 5, 6 and 17 of Act of 1894, only in case of Government-approved schemes -- also, it was specifically directed to various District Collectors through circular dated 1.11.1990 issued by Department of Revenue of State of MP that no development authority or Housing Development Board shall initiate any land acquisition proceedings in relation to any ceiling-affected land -- therefore, due to lack of jurisdiction, notification is void-abinitio and non-est since inception. 1989 JLJ 501 relied on. [Paras 33 to 37

(9) Natural Justice -- two fundamental maxims pre-eminently necessary to ensure that law is applied impartially, objectively and fairly -- audi alteram partem and nemo judex in causa sua. [Para 41

(10) Legal Maxim -- audi alteram partem -- principle of audi alteram partem is highly effective rule devised by Courts to ensure that statutory authority arrives at just decision -- it is calculated to act as healthy check on abuse or misuse of power -- its reach should not be narrowed and its applicability circumscribed. [Para 41.i

(11) Legal Maxim -- nemo judex in causa sua -- literally translates to “no one should be made a judge in their cause” -- according to this principle, decision-makers must be impartial and unbiased while deciding dispute -- they should not have any personal or financial interest in matter being decided -- nor should they have any preconceived notions about parties involved or subject-matter. [Para 41.ii

(12) Natural Justice -- this principle is also known as rule against bias -- bias means any operative prejudice, consciously or unconsciously, by judge against party or issue -- rule against bias is broadly based on two principles -- (i) no one should be a judge in his cause -- (ii) justice should not only be done but also seen to be done explicitly. [Para 42

(13) Administration -- natural justice -- in any administrative proceeding, principles of natural justice play pivotal role -- administrator exercising adjudicatory powers should not have any personal or proprietary interest in outcome of proceedings -- there should not be any reasonable ground for believing that there was likelihood of bias in decision. [Para 43

(14) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 4 -- M. P. Griha Nirman Mandal Adhiniyam, 1972 -S. 49(1) -- legality and validity of notification -- existence of sanctioned scheme was a precondition before initiation of land acquisition proceedings -- Board must have approved scheme as well as budgetary allocation and said resolution shall be passed by Board prior to sending of requisition for acquiring land -- prerequisite conditions not complied with -- complying this prerequisite condition after issuance of notification for land acquisition shall not rectify the mistake or mandatory compliances which have to be fulfilled earlier. [Para 47

(15) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 5A -- draft of order rejecting objections prepared by incompetent person who was subordinate to Land Acquisition Officer -- judicial powers conferred upon statutory postholders cannot be delegated -- this kind of practice is detrimental in judicial parlance. [Para 48

(16) Procedure -- statute provides that thing is to be done in particular manner -- it has to be done in same manner and in no other manner than manner prescribed -- respondents have not followed said manner -- relief sought by petitioners appears to be reasonable. AIR 1999 SC 3558 and AIR 2001 SC 1512 followed. [Para 52

(17) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 9 -- no notice issued to land owners -- notice is mandatory condition -- this defect renders land acquisition process ultra vires to law and non-est. (1973) 1 SCC 157, 1992 JLJ 331 (SC) = (1992) 2 SCC 168, (2011) 10 SCC 714 and (2012) 6 SCC 348 followed. AIR 1963 SC 358, (2002) 1 SCC 633, and (2005) 13 SCC 477 referred to. [Para 53

(18) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 5A -- Constitution of India -- Art. 14 -- contrary to provisions of law, Divisional Commissioner restricted his order to part of land, keeping S. 4 notification operative for remaining land, thereby suo motu extending relief arbitrarily -- such deprivation is deemed to be violation of fundamental right to equality under Art. 14 of Constitution -- State cannot act partially or in discriminatory manner against any individual. Civil Appeal No. 3636 of 2016 decided on 4.2.2020 and AIR 2004 SC 5054 = (2005) 9 SCC 248 followed. [Para 54

(19) State -- cannot act partially or in discriminatory manner against any individual. [Para 54

(20) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- S. 11 -- maintainability of petition challenging validity of award -- petitioners/appellants pressed their grievance before this Court in year 1997 and notifications were challenged even before passing of award -- no physical possession of lands in question obtained by State -- held -- appellants have raised their grievance at threshold stage itself -- they cannot be categorized as “fence sitters”. [Para 57

(21) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 9 and 16 -- possession -- no physical possession ever obtained from appellants or petitioner’s legal heirs -- panchnama produced by respondents mere paperwork -- letters of Executive Engineer, dated 30.9.2004 and 21.9.2004, to Land Acquisition Officer informing the fact of landowners being in possession of land and requesting not to dispossess them and to safeguard crops standing on field placed on record by appellants -- not disputed by respondents -- but surprisingly, respondents claim to have obtained possession on 31.7.2004 by panchnama -- Board has not laid a single brick over land in question even after expiry of 29 years from date of issuance of notification -- no notice ever served by authorities to appellants in one Writ Appeal -- no notice of any kind issued to dwellers of houses and shops, nor to cultivators of standing crops for obtaining possession thereof -- failing to comply with mandatory procedure prescribed in law, possession held not to be obtained from appellants as well as petitioner. (2011) 5 SCC 394 followed. [Paras 59 to 61

(22) Words and Phrases -- “acquisition” and “requisition” -- land acquisition -- these terms are very different in meaning -- “requisition” is taking possession of property for limited period, in contradistinction to “acquisition” -- orders of requisition and acquisition have different consequences. AIR 1951 SC 41 = 1950 SCR 869 and (1984) 4 SCC 612 followed. (2012) 12 SCC 797distinguished. [Paras 65 & 66

(23) Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 4 and 6 -- notification for acquiring land issued u/s. 4 and subsequent notification u/s. 6 resulting into passing of award declared void ab initio by Land Acquisition Officer and appropriate Government -- affirmed by Court -- nothing remains in such acquisition as whole acquisition process is illegal -- all actions initiated by State Government and its machinery in consequence of such void notifications, such as passing of award, depositing of compensation belatedly and alleged takeover of possession etc. stands nullified per se -- entire land acquisition proceeding quashed -- lands restored in names of their respective owners. [Para 74

(24) State -- primary duty of State is to work for welfare of public at large. [Para 76

(25) Constitution of India -- Arts. 226 and 300A -- Land Acquisition Act, 1894 -- Ss. 4 and 6 -- officers of State Government acted without adhering to various statutory provisions which ought to have been complied with -- violated the same causing damages in monetary terms to landowners so also leaving them in mental agony for years together -- they kept on running from pillar to post for safeguarding their own land -- such grave prejudice to public would have vitiated ultimate purpose of land acquisition -- apparent from record that land acquisition proceedings were initiated on legalised colony where people inhabited and on land of ceiling -- State vicariously liable for actions of State officers -- State officials hand-in-glove with officials of Housing Board -- with ulterior motive, they have tried to deprive landowners, i.e., common men from their constitutional right of right to property as enshrined under article 300A of Constitution -- cost saddled on respondents to be payable to appellants/petitioners as compensation. [Paras 76 & 77