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2025 Supreme(SC) 1792

B. R. GAVAI, M. M. SUNDRESH, ARAVIND KUMAR, SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA, K. VINOD CHANDRAN
Rejanish K. V. – Appellant
Versus
K. Deepa – Respondent


Advocates appeared:
For the Appellant(s)/Applicant(s) : Mr. Jayant Bhusan, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ajay Kumar Singh, AOR Mr. Yatharth Singh, Adv. Mr. Amartya Bhusan, Adv. Mr. Yogit Mehra, Adv. Mr. Divesh Kumar, Adv. Ms. Shrishti Gautam, Adv. Mr. Jainendra Kumar, Adv. Mr. Vipin Kumar Mishra, Adv. Mr. Chandan Kumar Singh, Adv. Mr. Shailendra Pratap Singh, Adv. Mr. Arvind P. Datar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Rahul Unnikrishnan, Adv. Mr. Rohan J. Alva, Adv. Ms. Tanvi Dubey, AOR Ms. Charu Mathur, Adv. Mr. Anant Sanghi, Adv. Ms. Gayatri T., Adv. Mr. Vansh Chauhan, Adv. Mr. Paramjit Singh Patwalia, Sr. Adv. Ms. Vibha Datta Makhija, Sr. Adv. Mr. Santosh Kumar, AOR Mr. Praveen Gaur, Adv. Ms. Richa Singh, Adv. Ms. Rohini Narayanan, Adv. Mr. Sanket, Adv. Ms. Nehaol Venkateshwara, Adv. Ms. Natasha Dalmia, Adv. Mr. Amith S J, Adv. Ms. Harshika Verma, Adv. Ms. Deveshi Chand, Adv. Mr. Shantanu Kumar, Adv. Ms. Triyyambika Rao, Adv. Ms. Hemlata Rawat, Adv. Ms. Shambhavi Singh, Adv. Mr. Purushottam Sharma Tripathi, Adv. Mr. Abhishekh Tripathi, Adv. Mr. Vanshdeep Dalmia, Adv. Mr. Shravanth Paruchuri, Adv. Mr. V. Giri, Sr. Adv. Dr. Manish Singhvi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Anil Kaushik, Sr. Adv. Mr. D. K. Devesh, AOR Ms. Barnali Basak, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Mishra, Adv. Mrs. Shashi Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rahul Narang, Adv. Ms. Shalini Haldar, Adv. Mr. Shashank Kumar Saurav, Adv. Mr. Mehul M. Gupta, Adv. Mr. Mayank Gautam, Adv. Mr. Rajat Rana, Adv. Mr. Sanyam Maan, Adv. Mr. Saurabh Ajay Gupta, Adv. Mr. Dama Seshadri Naidu, Sr. Adv. Mr. Amit Anand Tiwari, Sr. Adv. Mr. Vivek Singh, AOR Mr. Rahul Arya, Adv. Mr. V. Puneedhan, Adv. Ms. D. Naveena, Adv. Mr. Ayush Gupta, Adv. Ms. Saumya Saraswat, Adv. Ms. Mary Mitzy, Adv. Mr. Pratap Shanker, Adv. Mr. Sagar Saxena, Adv. Mr. Kumar Manish, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Gupta, Adv. Mr. Dama Seshadri Naidu, Sr. Adv. Mr. George Poonthottam, Sr. Adv. Mr. K. M Firoz, Adv. Mr. K. M. Firoz, Adv. Mr. Ashish Jacob Mathew, Adv. Mr. Navaneeth Krishnan A.l, Adv. Ms. Silpa Sreekumar, Adv. Ms. Anne Mathew, AOR Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Sr. Adv. Mr. Nishe Rajen Shonker, AOR Mr. Abhilash M.r., Adv. Rupali Samuel, Adv. Lavkesh Bhambhani, Adv. Shaswati Parhi, Adv. Bhumika Yadav, Adv. Kashish Jain, Adv. Mr. B.H. Marlapalle,Sr.Adv. Mr. Rashid N. Azam, AOR Mr. Nirmal Singh Shekhawat, Adv. Mr. Rinny Abraham, Adv. Mr. Rahul Yadav, Adv. Mr. Danish Saifi, Adv. Mr. Nu Ahmed, Adv. Mr. Srikar Bhatt, Adv. Mr. Shoeb Alam,Sr.Adv. Mr. Chandra Bhushan Prasad, AOR Mr. Kripa Shankar Prasad, Adv. Mr. Harsh Jain, Adv. Mr. Prafulla, Adv. Mr. Chandra Bhushan Prasad, Adv. Mr. Aljo K. Joseph, AOR Mr. Santhosh Kumar Kolkundra, Adv. Mr. N Leela Vara Prasad, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Singh, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Saket Jee, Adv. Mr. Rohit Kalra, Adv. Mr. Niraj Gupta, AOR Mr. Narendra Kumar, Adv. Ms. Anshu Gupta, Adv. Mr. Shubham Gupta, Adv. Ms. Siddhi Gupta, Adv. Mr. Rajiv Ranjan Dwivedi, AOR Mr. Anand Sanjay M Nuli, Sr. Adv. Mr. Suraj Kaushik, Adv. Ms. Akhila Wali, Adv. Mr. Shiva Swaroop, Adv. Mr. Arshit Torgal, Adv. For M/S. Nuli & Nuli, AOR Mr. Md. Naushad Alam, AOR Mr. Saurabh Kansal, Adv. Mr. Raghav Vij, Adv. Mr. Mithilesh Kumar Jaiswal, Adv. Ms. Ritul Sharma, Adv. Ms. Vanshika Kapoor, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Kumar Mishra, AOR Mr. Gopal Sankaranarayanan,Sr.Adv. Mr. L. Narasimha Reddy,Sr.Adv. Mr. Amol B. Karande, AOR Mr. Ravindra Harpale,Adv. Mr. Sagar V. Kasar,Adv. Mr. parnam Prabhakar,Adv. Ms. Vangala Sailaja,Adv. Ms. Drishti Narbar,Adv. Ms. Trisha Chandran,Adv. Mr. Shashank Singh,Adv. Mr. Chittimalla Chandarakala,Adv. Mr. Narendar Rao Thaneer,Adv. Mr. Batchu Jagadish Kumar,Adv. Mr. B. Pallesh Kalshmi,Adv. Mr. Tushar Srivastava,Adv. Mr. D. Srinivas,Adv. Mr. MVS Anil Kumar Rajagiri,Adv. Ms. Palisi Bharat Kumar,Adv. Mr. Karan Lahiri, Adv. Mr. Dhruv Gautam, AOR Mr. Devashish Chauhan, Adv. Ms. Madhura Mn, Adv. Ms. Ansh Gulati, Adv. Ms. Kanak Grover, Adv. Mr. Daksh Aggarwal, Adv. Mr. Divyesh Pratap Singh, AOR Mr. Rajive Bhalla, Sr. Adv. Mr. M. K. Ghosh, Adv. Ms. Tina Garg, AOR Mr. Yajur Bhalla, Adv. Mr. Shubham Bhalla, Adv. Ms. Gauri Bedi, Adv. Mr. Divyansh Misra, Adv. Mr. Karanvir Singh Khehar,Adv. Ms. Sunita Sharma, AOR Mr. Hari Om Singh,Adv. Ms. Vandana,Adv. Mr. Aditya K.,Adv. Mr. Mukesh Kumar,Adv. Mr. Kumar Murlidhar,Adv. Mr. Adarsh Kumar Pandey,Adv. Mr. Ajay Kumar Singh,Adv.
For the Respondent(s)/Applicant(s):Mr. Chander Uday Singh, Sr. Adv. Mr. EMS Anam, Adv. Ms. Usha Nandini V., AOR Mr. Biju P Raman, Adv. Mr. John Thomas Arakal, Adv. Ms. Bidya Mohanty, Adv. Ms. Katyayani Suhrud, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Kalaiyarasan, Adv. Mr. Nidhesh Gupta, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ashok Mathur, AOR Ms. Japneet Kaur, Adv. Ms. Vriti Gujral, Adv. Mr. Bikram Dwivedi, Adv. Mr. Jimut Mohopatra, Adv. Mr. Vijay Hansaria, Sr. Adv. Mr. Malak Manish Bhatt, AOR Mr. Gunnam Venkateswara Rao, Adv. Ms. Kavya Jhawar, Adv. Ms. Nandini Rai, Adv. Mr. Aashay Shukla, Adv. Mr. Ravindra Srivastava, Sr. Adv. Mr. Arjun Garg, AOR Ms. Sagun Srivastava, Adv. Mr. Saaransh Shukla, Adv. Mr. Boudhik Garg, Adv. M/s Kavya Verma, Adv. Ms. Shruti Verma, Adv. Mr. Atharv Joshi, Adv. Ms. Muskan Bensla, Adv. Mr. Yashvardhan, Adv. Mr. Jagjit Singh Chhabra, AOR Mr. Maninderjit Singh Bedi, Advocate General Mr. Rajat Bhardwaj, A.A.G. Ms. Baani Khanna, AOR Mr. Robin Singh, Adv. Mr. Kapil Balwani, Adv. Mr. Amit Gupta, AOR Mr. Kshitij Vaibhav, Adv. Mr. Muskan Nagpal, Adv. Mr. Arun Singh, Adv. Mr. Kanhaiya Singhal, AOR Mr. Prasanna, Adv. Mrs. Vani Singhal, Adv. Mr. Ajay Kumar, Adv. Ms. Nivedita Tiwari, Adv. Ms. Avantika Shankas, Adv. Mr. Pulkit Jolly, Adv. Mr. Rishabh Bhardwaj, Adv. Mr. Rahul Bhaskar, Adv. Mr. Kanav Gupta, Adv. Mr. Rajat Pandey, Adv. Ms. Asmita Singh, AOR Ms. Asmita Singh, Adv. Ms. Ankita Makan, Adv. Mr. Ravindra Srivastava, Sr. Adv. Mr. Arjun Garg, AOR Ms. Sagun Srivastava, Adv. Mr. Saaransh Shukla, Adv. Mr. Boudhik Garg, Adv. M/s Kavya Verma, Adv. Ms. Shruti Verma, Adv. Mr. Atharv Joshi, Adv. Ms. Muskan Bensla, Adv. Mr. Sandeep Sudhakar Deshmukh, AOR Mr. Nishant Sharma, Adv. Mr. Ankur Savadikar, Adv. Mr. Viraj M. Parakh, Adv. Mr. Mayur Saavarkar, Adv. Ms. Sindoora VNL, AOR Ms. Thithiksha Padmam, Adv. Mr. Sunil Kumar Jain, AOR Ms. Rashika Swarup, Adv. Mr. Naman Jain, Adv. Mr. Ankolekar Gurudatta, AOR Mr. Meesala Venu Gopal, Adv. Mr. Mukesh Kumar Singh, Adv. Mr. Korada Pramod Kumar, Adv. Ms. Divya Nair, Adv. Ms. Deepanwita Priyanka, AOR Mr. Satyalipsu Ray, Adv. Mr. V. N. Raghupathy, AOR Mr. Jaideep Gupta, Sr. Adv. Mr. C. K. Sasi, AOR Dr. Kk Geetha, Adv. Ms. Meena K Poulose, Adv. Ms. Racheeta Chawla, Adv. Ms. Riddhi Bose, Adv. Ms. Sampriti Baksi, Adv. Mr. Sidharth Banerjee, Adv. Mr. Azmat Hayat Amanullah, AOR Ms. Rebecca Mishra, Adv. Ms. Nitya Sharma, Adv. Ms. Ekta Kundu, Adv. Mr. Adarsh Upadhyay, AOR Ms. Pallavi Kumari, Adv. Mr. Amit Singh, Adv. Mr. Shashank Pachauri, Adv. Mr. Aman Panwar, A.A.G. Mr. Sanchit Garga, AOR Mr. Shashwat Jaiswal, Adv. Mr. Kunal Rana, Adv. Mr. Shekhar G Devasa, Sr. Adv. Mr. Manish Tiwari, Adv. Mrs. Thashmitha Muthanna, Adv. Mr. Shashi Bhushan Nagar, Adv. M/S. Devasa & Co., AOR Mr. M. K. Ghosh, Adv. Ms. Tina Garg, AOR Mr. A. Hariprasad, Sr. Adv. Mr. T. G. Narayanan Nair, AOR Ms. Swathi H Prasad, Adv. Ms. Samyuktha H Nair, Adv. Mr. Ajaya Kumar K.r., Adv. Mr. Pradeep Misra, AOR Mr. Prashant Padmanabhan, AOR Mr. Rajiv Shakdher, Sr. Adv. Ms. Mallika Agarwal, Adv. Mr. John Mathew, AOR Mr. Vivek Sharma, AOR Dr. Vijay Kumar Sharma, Adv. S A Singh, Adv. Mr. Abhijit Banerjee, AOR Mr. Narender Hooda, Sr. Adv. Mr. Ashish Pandey, AOR Mr. Prafulla, Adv. Mr. Shubham Saxena, Adv. Mr. M V S Anil Kumar Rajagiri, Adv. Mr. Pasili Bharat Kumar, Adv. Ms. Kavya Manuja, Adv. Ms. Pallvi Hooda, Adv. Mr. Shiv Bhatnagar, Adv. Mr. Yuvraj Nandal, Adv. Mr. Rashid N. Azam, AOR Mr. Nirmal Singh Shekhawat, Adv. Mr. Rinny Abraham, Adv. Mr. Rahul Yadav, Adv. Mr. Mohammad Faizan, Adv. Mr. Firoz I Khan, Adv. Mr. Ravi Kumar, Adv. Mr. Fatima Parveen, Adv. Mr. Anil Kumar Yadav, Adv. Mr. Vivek Sharma, AOR Dr. Vijay Kumar Sharma, Adv. S A Singh, Adv. Mr. Naresh Kumar, AOR Mr. K R Anand, Adv. Mr. Jasbir Singh Malik, Adv. Ms. Prachi Sohi, Adv. Ms. Pooja Devi, Adv. Mr. Vijender Mann, Adv. Mr. A M Bujor Barua, Sr. Adv. Mr. A Deb Kumar, Adv. Mr. Rajesh K. Singh, Adv. Mrs. A Deepa, Adv. Mr. Pranaya Kumar Mohapatra, AOR Mr. Ankit Swarup, AOR Mr. V. Elanchezhiyan, AOR Mr. Pramod Sharma Kumar, Adv. Mr. Chand Qureshi, AOR Mr. Ankur Mishra, Adv. Mr. Santosh Yadav, Adv. Mr. Lokesh Bhaimad, Adv. Ms. Preeti Chauhan, Adv. Mrs. Arpana Soni, Adv. Mrs. Parveen Qureshi, Adv. Mr. Chandan Kumar Mandal, Adv. Mr. Siddharth R Gupta, Adv. Mr. Mrigank Prabhakar, AOR Mr. Aman Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Uddaish Palya, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Sahu, Adv. Ms. Astha Singh, Adv. Mr. M.p. Parthiban, AOR Mr. Ajit Kumar Sinha, Sr. Adv. Mr. Deepak Goel, AOR Mr. Kamal Kumar Pandey, Adv. Mr. Jitendra Bharti, Adv. Ms. Alka Goyal, Adv. Mr. Virag Gupta, Adv. Mr. Vishal Arun Mishra, AOR Ms. Rupali Panwar, Adv. Mr. Shubham Gupta, Adv. Mr. Avinash Singh, Adv. Mr. Yash Sharma, Adv. Mr. Mrinal Kumar Sharma, AOR Mr. Ramesh Kumar Sahu, Adv. Mr. Satyam Chand Soriya,Adv. Mr. Pawas Agarwal, AOR Mr. Sagar Tanwar,Adv. Ms. Ruby Choudhary,Adv. Mr. Sonu,Adv. Mr. Triloki Nath Razdan, AOR Mr. Dama Seshadri Naidu, Sr. Adv. Mr. Y. Raja Gopala Rao, AOR Mr. Deepak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Abhinav Thakur, Adv. Mr. P. Mohith Rao, Adv. Ms. J. Akshitha, Adv. Mr. Dhuli Gopi Krishna, Adv. Mr. Akshay Singh, Adv. Ms. Sanjana Jain, Adv. Ms. Yamini Singh, Adv. Mr. T. Singhdev, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Mishra, Adv. Mr. Tanishq Srivastava, Adv. Mr. Bhanu Gulati, Adv. Mr. Prateek Bhatia, AOR Mr. V. Giri, Sr. Adv. Dr. Manish Singhvi, Sr. Adv. Mr. Anil Kaushik, Sr. Adv. Mr. D. K. Devesh, AOR Ms. Barnali Basak, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Mishra, Adv. Mrs. Shashi Sharma, Adv. Mr. Rahul Narang, Adv. Ms. Shalini Haldar, Adv. Mr. Shashank Kumar Saurav, Adv. Mr. Mehul M. Gupta, Adv. Mr. Mayank Gautam, Adv. Mr. Rajat Rana, Adv. Mr. Sanyam Maan, Adv. Mr. Saurabh Ajay Gupta, Adv.

Judgement Key Points

The key paragraph saving appointments is (!) .

This paragraph states: "Consequently, all such rules framed by the State Governments in consultation with the High Courts which are not in accordance with the aforesaid answers shall stand quashed and set aside." It explicitly limits the quashing to non-compliant rules only, thereby preserving all prior appointments made under compliant rules or processes. Additionally, (!) reinforces this by clarifying prospective application: "what we have held in this judgment will be applicable only from the date of this judgment and in no case, any selection process completed, or any appointment made prior to this judgment would be affected." Together, these ensure appointments remain valid unless directly invalidated by interim orders.


JUDGMENT

B.R. GAVAI, CJI

INDEX

A. INTRODUCTION

B. SUBMISSIONS

C. ISSUE FOR CONSIDERATION

D. PROVISION OF LAW AND PRECEDENTS

i. Text of Article 233 of the Constitution

ii. Case Laws

a. Rameshwar Dayal v. The State of Punjab and Others

b. Chandra Mohan v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Others

c. State of Assam and Another v. Kuseswar Saikia and Others

d. A. Panduranga Rao v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Others

e. Satya Narain Singh v. High Court of Judicature at Allahabad and Others

f. Sushma Suri v. Govt. of National Capital Territory of Delhi and Another

g. Deepak Aggarwal v. Keshav Kaushik and Others

h. Vijay Kumar Mishra and Another v. High Court of Judicature at Patna

i. Dheeraj Mor v. High Court of Delhi

j. All India Judges Association and Others v. Union of India and Others

E. CONSIDERATION

i. Textual and Contextual Interpretation

ii. Scheme of Article 233 of the Constitution

iii. Recommendations of the Shetty Commission

iv. Experience of a Judicial Officer

v. Interpretation of a Constitutional Provision cannot be pedantic

vi. Eligibility of a Judicial Officer for Direct Recruitment

vii. Break in practice of a prospective candidate

viii. Quota for Advocates under Article 233(2)

ix. Doctrin

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Judicial Analysis

Property Owners Association VS State of Maharashtra - 2024 8 Supreme 387: Labeled as "Binding Precedent" with explanation that the majority decision constitutes the binding judgment, depending on bench strength. This explicitly indicates authoritative status.

State Of Bihar VS Bal Mukund Sah - 2000 2 Supreme 409: Marked as "Very Important Points" outlining a complete constitutional scheme under Articles 233 and 234, with specific holdings on recruitment and reservations not applying to judiciary cadres. Indicates strong authoritative weight.

All India Judges Association VS Union Of India - 2002 3 Supreme 180: Marked as "VERY" and states that recommendations of Justice Shetty Commission have been "accepted by Apex Court subject to various modifications." Affirms authoritative acceptance with modifications.

Sushma Suri: Reeta Dutta: Jit Ram Kasana: Guru Adhin: Deepak Kumar Agrawal: Mahesh Chander Verma. : Ranbir Singh VS Government National Capital Territory Of Delhi: Registrar, High Court Of Delhi: Government National Capital Territory Of Delhi: State Of U. P. : Registrar, High Court Of Judicature At Allahabad: Registrar, High Court Of Delhi: Registrar, High Court Of Ra - 1998 8 Supreme 10: Labeled as "Important Point" defining "advocate" to include practicing law officers. Indicates recognized relevance.

Satish Kumar Sharma VS Bar Council Of H. P. - 2001 1 Supreme 56: Marked as "VERY" with holding that law officers are not entitled to enrolment unless State Bar Council frames specific rules. Indicates high relevance.

All India Judges Association VS Union of India - 2025 5 Supreme 152: Provides recommendations to modify eligibility for LDCE and Civil Judge exams, using language like "it will be desirable to modify" and "shall amend." Suggests advisory authoritative guidance rather than strict binding precedent.

DEEPAK AGGARWAL VS KESHAV KAUSHIK - 2013 1 Supreme 355: States a clear holding on Article 233(2) focusing on "function of the law officers" rather than employment. Presented as settled rule without negative treatment indicators.

Vijay Kumar Mishra VS High Court of Judicature at Patna - 2016 8 Supreme 628: Articulates distinction between recruitment/selection and appointment under Article 233(2), applying purposive construction. No negative indicators.

Harbhajan Singh VS Press Council Of India - 2002 2 Supreme 368: Holds that Section 6(7) of Press Council Act does not disqualify for more than two terms. Clear statutory interpretation.

Tej Prakash Pathak VS Rajasthan High Court - 2024 0 Supreme(SC) 1001: Establishes that eligibility criteria cannot be altered post-commencement for fairness. Affirmative constitutional principle.

Dheeraj Mor VS Hon’ble High Court of Delhi - 2020 2 Supreme 499: Rules that judicial service members cannot claim advocate quota vacancies under Article 233. Definitive exclusionary holding.

Ashok Kumar Sharma VS Chander Shekhar - 1997 4 Supreme 320: Sets eligibility cutoff as the last date for applications, excluding later qualifications. Standard procedural rule.

Union Of India VS Hansoli Devi - 2002 6 Supreme 294: Holds that dismissal under Section 18 does not bar Section 28A application if conditions met. Remedial entitlement.

Mahesh Chandra Gupta VS Union of India - 2009 5 Supreme 572: Emphasizes insulating decision-making from misinformation. General good governance principle.

Vivek Narayan Sharma VS Union of India - 2023 0 Supreme(SC) 1: Upholds demonetisation constitutionality with multiple holdings on RBI Act, nexus, and statutory interpretation. Affirmative on public interest restrictions.

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