D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, HRISHIKESH ROY, PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, PANKAJ MITHAL, MANOJ MISRA
Tej Prakash Pathak – Appellant
Versus
Rajasthan High Court – Respondent
Question 1? What is the rule regarding whether eligibility criteria for placement in the select list can be changed after the recruitment process has commenced? Question 2? What is the proper scope of "rules of the game" for recruitment, and how do Articles 14 and 16 interact with changes to selection procedures mid-process? Question 3? What rights do candidates have regarding appointment from a select list when vacancies exist, and can the state deny appointment after placement in the list?
Key Points: - The recruitment process starts with advertisement and ends with filling vacancies. (!) - Eligibility criteria for placement in the select list cannot be changed midway; changes must align with extant rules/advertisement and satisfy non-arbitrariness under Article 14. (!) - The court affirms K. Manjusree doctrine that changing selection benchmarks after completion of the process is impermissible; but allows certain flexibility for procedure/benchmarks if set before commencement or per rules. (!) (!) - The State/instrumentality cannot arbitrarily deny appointment to a selected candidate; however placement in the select list does not confer indefeasible right to appointment. (!) (!) - Where rules are silent, administrative instructions may supplement; where rules cover the field, they must be followed. (!) (!) - The decision not to fill vacancies must be bonafide with regard to merit; upper standards may be applied but not retroactively. (!) (!) - Substantive conclusions: (1) recruitment process ends with filling vacancies; (2) eligibility for placement cannot be altered mid-process; (3) Manjusree vs. Subash Chander Marwaha are distinct on right to placement vs. appointment; (4) procedure for selection may be devised but must be transparent and non-arbitrary. (!) (!) (!)
JUDGMENT :
MANOJ MISRA, J.
The ideal in recruitment is to do away with unfairness1 [UNITED NATIONS HANDBOOK OF CIVIL SERVICE LAWS AND PRACTICES]
REFERENCE
1. A three-Judge Bench of this Court while accepting the salutary principle that once the recruitment process commences the State or its instrumentality cannot tinker with the “rules of the game” insofar as the prescription of eligibility criteria is concerned, wondered whether that should apply also to the procedure for selection. In that context, doubting the correctness of a coordinate Bench decision in K. Manjusree2 [K. Manjusree v. State of A.P., (2008) 3 SCC 512] for not having noticed an earlier decision in Subash Chander Marwaha3 [State of Haryana v. Subash Chander Marwaha, (1974) 3 SCC 220], vide order4 [Tej Prakash Pathak C Others v. Rajasthan High Court and Others, (2013) 4 SCC 540] dated 20 March 2013, it was directed that the matter be placed before the Chief Justice for constituting a larger Bench for an authoritative pronouncement on the subject.
THE FACTUAL CONTEXT FOR THE REFERENCE
2. The relevant facts giving rise to the reference are as follows:
State of Haryana v. Subash Chander Marwaha
Mohd. Sohrab Khan v. Aligarh Muslim University and others
A.P. Public Service Commission v. B. Sarat Chandra
Rakhi Ray v. High Court of Delhi, (2010) 2 SCC 637 [Para 13
E. P. Royappa v. State of T.N.
State of Jharkhand v. Brahmputra Metallics Ltd.
Shankarsan Dash v. Union of India
All India SC C ST Employees Association v. A. Arthur Jeen C Others
K. H. Siraj v. High Court of Kerala & Ors.
P.K. Ramachandra Iyer v. Union of India
Hemani Malhotra v. High Court of Delhi [(2008) 7 SCC 11 [Para 28]
Ashok Kumar Yadav v. State of Haryana
Lila Dhar v. State of Rajasthan and others
Santosh Kumar Tripathi v. U.P. Power Corporation
M.P. Public Service Commission v. Navnit Kumar Potdar
Union of India v. T. Sundararaman
Salam Samarjeet Singh v. The High Court of Manipur at Imphal & Anr. [2024 INSC 647] [Para 38]
Eligibility criteria for recruitment cannot be altered after the process has commenced, ensuring fairness and adherence to constitutional principles.
(1) Appointment of District Judges – “No change in the rule midway” dictum has become an integral part of service jurisprudence – If precluding a candidate from appointment is in violation of recruit....
Recruitment criteria cannot be altered after the selection process begins, as it violates principles of fairness and predictability under public service law.
The court reaffirmed that qualifying and shortlisting criteria can be distinct, allowing administrative discretion in recruitment processes as long as they are transparently and reasonably applied.
Minimum qualifying marks must be obtained in each subject rather than an aggregate score; changes to recruitment criteria cannot be made after the process has commenced.
Recruitment processes cannot alter eligibility criteria after commencement; revision of cut-off marks due to erroneous evaluation ensures fairness and does not violate the principles of non-arbitrari....
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