A. M. KHANWILKAR, DINESH MAHESHWARI, C. T. RAVIKUMAR
Vijay Madanlal Choudhary – Appellant
Versus
Union of India – Respondent
The Prevention of Money-Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) is a comprehensive legislation aimed at preventing money-laundering, confiscating property derived from or involved in such activities, and establishing mechanisms for coordination against money-laundering, including prosecution of those involved in processes connected to proceeds of crime. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
The PMLA was enacted in response to international commitments under conventions like the Vienna Convention (1988) and Palermo Convention, addressing threats to financial systems, integrity, and sovereignty posed by money-laundering. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
The Act comprises ten chapters covering definitions, offences, attachment and confiscation, obligations of financial entities, summons and searches, Appellate Tribunal, Special Courts, authorities, reciprocal arrangements, and miscellaneous provisions. (!)
Amendments to the PMLA (2005, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019) strengthen mechanisms for prevention, detection, attachment, confiscation, and prosecution, aligning with international standards like FATF recommendations. (!) (!)
The expression "proceedings" in Section 2(1)(na) of the PMLA is expansive, including inquiries by ED authorities, Adjudicating Authority, and Special Courts. (!)
"Investigation" under Section 2(1)(na) encompasses all proceedings for evidence collection by the Director or authorized authorities, interchangeable with "inquiry" for adjudication purposes. (!) (!) (!)
"Proceeds of crime" under Section 2(1)(u) includes property derived or obtained directly/indirectly from scheduled offences, or its value, including equivalents held abroad; the 2019 Explanation clarifies it covers property from any related criminal activity. (!) (!) (!)
Not all crime property qualifies as "proceeds of crime"; only property derived/obtained as a result of criminal activity relating to a scheduled offence qualifies, requiring a direct link. (!) (!)
The PMLA is sui generis, blending regulatory, preventive, and penal aspects to combat money-laundering's transnational impact. (!)
Offence of money-laundering under Section 3 involves direct/indirect attempts to indulge or assist in processes/activities connected with proceeds of crime, including concealment, possession, acquisition, use, or projecting/claiming as untainted; the 2019 Explanation clarifies "and" as "or," making each act independent. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Money-laundering is a continuing offence tied to possession/use of proceeds, not limited to integration stage; it commences after property is derived from a scheduled offence. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
The 2019 Explanation to Section 3 is clarificatory, not expansive, aligning with Vienna/Palermo Conventions; "and" in Section 3 is interpreted as "or" to avoid frustrating legislative intent. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Scheduled offences under Section 2(1)(y) include offences in Parts A, B, C of the Schedule; inclusion/exclusion of offences is legislative policy, not judicially reviewable for arbitrariness. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Provisional attachment under Section 5 requires recorded reasons based on material showing possession of proceeds of crime likely to be concealed; operates for 180 days; second proviso (2015 amendment) allows immediate attachment to prevent frustration of proceedings, without prior FIR. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Section 5 safeguards include high-ranking officer involvement, written reasons, 180-day limit, forwarding to Adjudicating Authority, and cessation on expiry or Adjudicating Authority order. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Section 8 adjudication involves show-cause notice, hearing, and confirmation of attachment for up to 365 days or pendency of proceedings; possession under sub-section (4) is exceptional, not routine, until formal confiscation. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Searches/seizures under Section 17 require Director/Deputy Director authorization, recorded reasons, and forwarding to Adjudicating Authority; deletion of 2019 proviso aligns with prevention focus, not requiring prior FIR. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Search of persons under Section 18 mirrors Section 17 safeguards, with additional protections like female searches by females and witness presence; deletion of 2019 proviso upheld for preventive efficacy. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Arrest under Section 19 by high-ranking officials requires recorded reasons, informing grounds, and production within 24 hours; valid even pre-complaint, as PMLA inquiry differs from criminal investigation. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Burden of proof under Section 24 presumes involvement of proceeds in money-laundering upon establishing foundational facts (existence of proceeds, link to scheduled offence, person's involvement); rebuttable by accused via evidence. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Special Courts under Section 44 try money-laundering offences independently from scheduled offences; trials proceed separately, with jurisdiction based on money-laundering location; proviso in Clause (a) is directory. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!)
Bail under Section 45 requires twin conditions: opportunity for Public Prosecutor opposition and court satisfaction of non-guilt and non-likelihood of reoffending; applies to anticipatory bail; Section 436A CrPC provides relief after half maximum imprisonment. (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) [p
JUDGMENT :
A.M. Khanwilkar, J.
Table of Contents
| Particulars | Paragraph No(s). |
| Preface | 1(a)-(d) |
| Submissions of the Private Parties | |
| Mr. Kapil Sibal, Senior Counsel | 2(i)–(xxiii) |
| Mr. Sidharth Luthra, Senior Counsel | 3(i)–(iii) |
| Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Senior Counsel | 4(i)–(ix) |
| Mr. Mukul Rohatgi, Senior Counsel | 5(i)-(iii) |
| Mr. Amit Desai, Senior Counsel | 6(i)-(iii) |
| Mr. S. Niranjan Reddy, Senior Counsel | 7(i)-(ii) |
| Dr. Menaka Guruswamy, Senior Counsel | 8(i)-(v) |
| Mr. Aabad Ponda, Senior Counsel | 9(i)-(ii) |
| Mr. Siddharth Aggarwal, Senior Counsel | 10(i)-(iii) |
| Mr. Mahesh Jethmalani, Senior Counsel | 11(i)-(iii) |
| Mr. Abhimanyu Bhandari, Counsel | 12(i)-(iv) |
| Mr. N. Hariharan, Senior Counsel | 13 |
| Mr. Vikram Chaudhari, Senior Counsel | 14(i)-(v) |
| Mr. Akshay Nagarajan, Counsel | 15 |
| Submissions of the Union of India | |
| Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General of India | 16(i)-(lxxx) |
| Mr. S.V. Raju, Additional Solicitor General of India | 17(i)-(lxvi) |
| Consideration | |
| The 2002 Act | 19-22 |
| Preamble of the 20 | |
Jagan M. Seshadri vs. State of T.N.
Jagannath, etc. etc. vs. Authorised Officer, Land Reforms & Ors. etc.
Joseph Shine vs. Union of India ((2019) 3 SCC 39 (paras 61, 103
K. Joseph Augusthi vs. M.A. Narayanan
K.I. Pavunny vs. Assistant Collector (HQ), Central Excise Collectorate, Cochin
Kamlapati Trivedi vs. State of West Bengal
Kathi Raning Rawat vs. State of Saurashtra
Kedar Nath Bajoria & Anr. vs. The State of West Bengal
Keshavan Madhava Menon vs. The State of Bombay
Balchand Jain (Shri) vs. State of Madhya Pradesh
Directorate of Enforcement v. Ashok Kumar Jain
D.K. Ganesh Babu v. P.T. Manokaran
Jai Prakash Singh v. State of Bihar
Hussainara Khatoon & Ors. vs. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, Patna
Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors.
State rep. by the C.B.I. vs. Anil Sharma
State of Maharashtra v. Mohd. Sajid Husain Mohd. S. Husain
Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee Representing Undertrial Prisoners vs. Union of India & Ors.
Kishorebhai Khamanchand Goyal vs. State of Gujarat & Anr.
Krishna Lal Chawla & Ors. vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Anr.
Lalita Kumari vs. Government of Uttar Pradesh and Ors.
M.P. Sharma & Ors. vs. Satish Chandra, District Magistrate, Delhi & Ors.
M.R.F. Ltd. vs. Inspector Kerala Govt. & Ors. (1998) 8 SCC 227 (Para 16) – Referred.
M/s. Sukhwinder Pal Bipan Kumar & Ors. vs. State of Punjab & Ors.
Mahipal Singh vs. Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.
Mahmadhusen Abdulrahim Kalota Shaikh (2) vs. Union of India & Ors.
Manzoor Ali Khan vs. Union of India & Ors.
Modern Dental College and Research Centre & Ors. vs. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors.
Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab alias Abu Mujahid vs. State of Maharashtra
Mohammed Dastagir vs. The State of Madras
Mohd. Arif alias Ashfaq vs. Registrar, Supreme Court of India & Ors.
Mohd. Hanif Quareshi & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors. AIR 1958 SC 731 (Para 16) – Referred.
Moin Akhtar Qureshi vs. Union of India & Ors., W.P. (Crl.) No.2465/2017
Municipal Corporation of Delhi vs. Gurnam Kaur (1989) 1 SCC 101 (Para 16) – Referred.
N.R. Mon vs. Mohd. Nasimuddin (2008) 6 SCC 721 (Para 16) – Referred.
Nahar Singh Yadav & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors.
Nalinakhya Bysack vs. Shyam Sunder Haldar & Ors. AIR 1953 SC 148 (Para 49) – Referred.
Narcotics Control Bureau vs. Karma Phuntsok & Ors. (2005) 12 SCC 480 (Para 16) – Referred.
National Investigation Agency vs. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali (2019) 5 SCC 1 (Para 16) – Referred.
National Legal Services Authority vs. Union of India & Ors.
Nikesh Tarachand Shah vs. Union of India & Anr.
Nimmagadda Prasad vs. Central Bureau of Investigation
Nitya Dharmananda & Anr. vs. Gopal Sheelum Reddy & Anr.
Noor Aga vs. State of Punjab & Anr.
Papnasam Labour Union vs. Madura Coats Ltd. & Anr. (1995) 1 SCC 501 (Para 16) – Referred.
Patel Gordhandas Hargovindas & Ors. vs. The Municipal Commissioner
Patna Improvement Trust vs. Smt. Lakshmi Devi & Ors.
Poolpandi & Ors. vs. Superintendent, Central Excise and Ors.
Pooran Mal vs. The Director of Inspection (Investigation), New Delhi & Ors.
Pratap Singh vs. State of Jharkhand & Anr.
Premium Granites & Anr. vs. State of T.N. & Ors.
R.S. Seth Gopikrishan Agarwal vs. R.N. Sen, Assistant Collector of Customs & Ors.
Raja Narayanlal Bansilal vs. Maneck Phiroz Mistry & Anr.
Raman Tech. & Process Engg. Co. & Anr. vs. Solanki Traders
Ramanlal Bhogilal Shah & Anr. vs. D.K. Guha & Ors., (1973) 1 SCC 696 (paras 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 17
Ranjitsing Brahmajeetsing Sharma vs. State of Maharashtra and Anr.
Ritesh Agarwal & Anr. vs. Securities and Exchange Board of India & Ors.
Rohtas vs. State of Haryana & Anr.
Rojer Mathew vs. South Indian Bank Limited and Ors.
Romesh Chandra Mehta vs. State of West Bengal
S. Sundaram Pillai & Ors. vs. V.R. Pattabiraman & Ors.
S.G. Jaisinghani vs. Union of India and Ors
Saghir Ahmad vs. State of U.P. & Ors.
Sakiri Vasu vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.
Sakshi vs. Union of India & Ors. (2004) 5 SCC 518 (Para 49) – Referred.
Sanjay Chandra vs. Central Bureau of Investigation
Satender Kumar Antil vs. Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.
Satpal Singh vs. State of Punjab (2018) 13 SCC 813 (Para 16) – Referred.
Selvi & Ors. vs. State of Karnataka
Serious Fraud Investigation Office vs. Nittin Johari & Anr. (2019) 9 SCC 165 (Para 16) – Referred.
Serious Fraud Investigation Office vs. Rahul Modi & Anr.
Shashikant vs. Central Bureau of Investigation & Ors.
Shayara Bano vs. Union of India & Ors., (2017) 9 SCC 1 (paras 87
Smt. Maya Rani Punj (Smt.) vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, Delhi
Soni Devrajbhai Babubhai vs. State of Gujarat and Ors.
State (Union of India) vs. Ram Saran
State Bank of India vs. V. Ramakrishnan & Anr.
State of Bihar & Anr. vs. Amit Kumar alias Bachcha Rai
State of Bihar vs. Deokaran Nenshi & Anr.
State of Bombay vs. Kathi Kalu OghadAIR 1961 SC 1808 (Para 2) – Referred.
State of Gujarat vs. Mohanlal Jitamalji Porwal & Anr.
State of Himachal Pradesh vs. Narain Singh (2009) 13 SCC 165 (Para 16) – Referred.
State of Karnataka & Anr. vs. Shri Ranganatha Reddy & Anr. (1977) 4 SCC 471 (Para 16) – Referred.
State of Maharashtra vs. Bharat Shanti Lal Shah and Ors. (2008) 13 SCC 5 (Para 16) – Referred.
State of Punjab vs. Baldev Singh
State of Rajasthan, Jaipur vs. Balchand alia Baliay
State of Tamil Nadu and Ors. vs. L. Abu Kavur Bai and Ors. (1984) 1 SCC 515 (Para 16) – Referred.
State of West Bengal & Ors. vs. Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights, West Bengal & Ors.
Subramanian Swamy vs. Director, Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr., (2014) 8 SCC 682 (paras 49
Sunil Batra vs. Delhi Administration & Ors.
Superintendent of Police, CBI & Ors. vs. Tapan Kumar Singh
Sushila Aggarwal & Ors. vs. State (NCT of Delhi) & Anr. (2020) 5 SCC 1 (Para 16) – Referred.
Tahsildar Singh & Anr. vs. State of U.P., AIR 1959 SC 1012(paras 16 – 17
Talab Haji Hussain vs. Madhukar Purshottam Mondkar & Anr.
Tara Prasad Singh & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors.
Raman Tech. & Process Engg. Co. & Anr. vs. Solanki Traders
Divisional Forest Officer & Anr. vs. G.V. Sudhakar Rao & Ors.
Yogendra Kumar Jaiswal & Ors. vs. State of Bihar & Ors., (2016) 3 SCC 183 (Para 17
State of Punjab vs. Baldev Singh, (1999) 6 SCC 172 (Para 17
Narendra Singh & Anr. vs. State of M.P., (2004) 10 SCC 699 (Para 17
State of W.B. vs. Mir Mohammad Omar & Ors.
Shambhu Nath Mehra vs. The State of Ajmer
State of Madras v. A. Vaidyanatha Iyer
M. Narsinga Rao vs. State of A.P.
Ram Jethmalani & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors.
Ahmed Noormohmed Bhatti vs. State of Gujarat & Ors.
Ajay Kumar Gupta & Ors. vs. Adjudicating Authority (PMLA) & Ors., (2017) 2 LW (Cri) 252 (paras 7
Ajmer Singh & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors.
Anandji Haridas and Co. (P) Ltd. vs. S.P. Kasture & Ors.
Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India & Ors. 2020 (3) SCC 637 (Para 4) – Referred.
Apparel Export Promotion Council vs. A.K. Chopra
Arnab Manoranjan Goswami vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors.
Arnesh Kumar vs. State of Bihar & Anr.
Arun Kumar Mishra vs. Directorate of Enforcement
Assistant Collector of Central Excise, Guntur vs. Ramdev Tobacco Company
Assistant Electrical Engineer vs. Satyendra Rai & Anr.
Aswini Kumar Ghose & Anr. vs. Arabinda Bose & Anr
Ayya alias Ayub vs. State of U.P. & Anr.
B. Rama Raju vs. Union of India & Ors.
Babu vs. State of Kerala ((2010) 9 SCC 189 (paras 27 and 28) (Para 3) – Referred.
Bakhtawar Trust & Ors. vs. M.D. Narayan & Ors. (2003) 5 SCC 298 (Para 16) – Referred.
Balkishan A. Devidayal vs. State of Maharashtra
Barendra Kumar Ghosh vs. The King Emperor
Behram Khurshed Pesikaka vs. The State of Bombay (1955) 1 SCR 613 (Para 16) – Referred.
Bhagirath vs. Delhi Administration
Bhubaneshwar Singh & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors. (1994) 6 SCC 77 (Para 16) – Referred.
Comorin Match Industries (P) Ltd. vs. State of T.N. (1996) 4 SCC 281 (Para 16) – Referred.
Bihta Cooperative Development Cane Marketing Union Ltd. v. Bank of Bihar
Biswanath Bhattacharya vs. Union of India and Ors. (2014) 4 SCC 392 (Para 17) – Referred.
Bombay High Court in Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal vs. Union of India & Ors.
C. Gupta vs. Glaxo – Smithkline Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (2007) 7 SCC 171 (Para 49) – Referred.
C. Sampath Kumar vs. Enforcement Officer, Enforcement Directorate, Madras
Calcutta Motor Cycle Co. vs. Collector of Customs & Ors.
Central Bank of India vs. State of Kerala & Ors.
Central Bureau of Investigation vs. Ashok Kumar Aggarwal
Central Bureau of Investigation vs. State of Rajasthan & Ors.
Chandroji Rao vs. Commissioner of Income Tax, M.P.
Chenna Boyanna Krishna Yadav vs. State of Maharashtra & Anr. (2007) 1 SCC 242 (Para 16) – Referred.
Cheviti Venkanna Yadav vs. State of Telangana & Ors. (2017) 1 SCC 283 (Para 16) – Referred.
Chiranjit Lal Chowdhuri vs. The Union of India & Ors
Collector of Customs, Madras vs. Kotumal Bhirumal Pihlajani & Ors.
Collector of Customs, New Delhi vs. Ahmadalieva Nodira
Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) – I, New Delhi vs. Vatika Township Private Limited
Commissioner of Income Tax, Bhopal vs. Shelly Products & Anr.
Commissioner of Wealth Tax, Amritsar vs. Suresh Seth
Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Limited & Anr. vs. Assistant Director of Enforcement Directorate
Dattatraya Govind Mahajan & Ors. vs. State of Maharashtra & Anr.
Directorate of Enforcement vs. Deepak Mahajan & Anr.
Divisional Forest Officer & Anr. vs. G.V. Sudhakar Rao & Ors.
Dr. Partap Singh & Anr. vs. Director of Enforcement, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act & Ors.
E.P. Royappa vs. State of Tamil Nadu & Anr.
Eastern Coalfields Limited vs. Sanjay Transport Agency & Anr.
Ethiopian Airlines vs. Ganesh Narain Saboo
Gautam Kundu vs. Directorate of Enforcement (Prevention of Money – Laundering Act)
Goa Foundation & Anr. vs. State of Goa & Anr. (2016) 6 SCC 602 (Para 16) – Referred.
Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. vs. Essar Power Ltd. (2008) 4 SCC 755 (Para 16) – Referred.
Guntaiah & Ors. vs. Hambamma & Ors. (2005) 6 SCC 228 (Para 49) – Referred.
Gurcharan Singh vs. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
Hanumant Govind Nargundkar & Anr. vs. State of Madhya Pradesh
Harbansingh Sardar Lenasingh & Anr. vs. The State of Maharashtra & Ors.
Hardev Motor Transport vs. State of M.P. & Ors.
Harjit Singh vs. State of Punjab
Hema Mishra vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. (2014) 4 SCC 453 (Para 16) – Referred.
Himanshu Singh Sabharwal vs. State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors.
In re, vs. State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors.
Income – Tax Officer, Special Investigation Circle – B
Indian Aluminium Co. & Ors. vs. State of Kerala & Ors. (1996) 7 SCC 637 (Para 16) – Referred.
Innoventive Industries Limited vs. ICICI Bank & Ors.
Ishwar Singh Bindra & Ors. vs. The State of U.P.
The South India Corporation (P) Ltd. vs. The Secretary, Board of Revenue, Trivandrum & Anr.
The State of Bombay & Anr. vs. F.N. Balsara
The State of Maharashtra vs. Vishwanath Maranna Shetty (2012) 10 SCC 561 (Para 16) – Referred.
Union of India & Anr. vs. Purushottam
Union of India & Ors. vs. Chandra Bhushan Yadav
Union of India & Ors. vs. Mudrika Singh
Union of India vs. Abdulla (2004) 13 SCC 504 (Para 16) – Referred.
Union of India vs. K.A. Najeeb
Union of India vs. Niyazuddin Sk. & Anr. (2018) 13 SCC 738 (Para 16) – Referred.
Union of India vs. Padam Narain Aggarwal & Ors.
Union of India vs. Rattan Mallik alias Habul (2009) 2 SCC 624 (Para 16) – Referred.
Usmanbhai Dawoodbhai Memon & Ors. vs. State of Gujarat
Varinder Singh vs. State of Punjab & Anr.
Vineet Narain & Ors. vs. Union of India & Anr.
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